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Pathology - Cellular modifications
Atrophy
• A decrease in the dimensions of a tissue or organ.
• Can result from a decrease in cell quantity by death or a loss in cell volume through shrinkage.
• Atrophy can manifest as a natural physiological phenomenon, such as thymic atrophy throughout puberty and ovarian atrophy during menopause. Pathological atrophy examples encompass muscle atrophy resulting from denervation and cerebral atrophy caused by cerebrovascular illness.
Hypertrophy
An augmentation in the dimensions of individual cells.
• As a result of an augmentation of cellular proteins and organelles.
• Observed in organs with terminally differentiated cells that are incapable of proliferation, such as cardiac and skeletal muscle. Examples of physiological hypertrophy encompass the myometrium of the uterus during pregnancy and the musculature of a bodybuilder. Pathological hypertrophy examples encompass left ventricular hypertrophy resulting from hypertension or aortic stenosis.
Hyperplasia
• An augmentation in cellular quantity. Examples of physiological hyperplasia encompass the endometrium and breast lobules in reaction to cyclical estrogen stimulation. Pathological hyperplasia examples include benign prostatic hyperplasia and parathyroid hyperplasia.
Metaplasia
A transformation in which one cellular type is replaced by another. • Considered to arise from progenitor cells differentiating into a novel cell type rather than through direct morphogenesis from one cell type to another. • Predominantly observed in epithelial cells, frequently as a reaction to chronic injury. • Metaplasia is designated based on the newly formed cell type; for instance, a transition from non-squamous to squamous epithelium is referred to as squamous metaplasia. Common locations of squamous metaplasia encompass the endocervix, forming the transformation zone associated with cervical neoplasia, and the bronchi of smokers. Common locations of glandular metaplasia encompass the lower esophagus in certain individuals with reflux illness, resulting in a discernible Barrett's esophagus.
Metaplasia serves as an indicator of chronic epithelial injury that may, in certain instances, progress to epithelial dysplasia and ultimately cancer.
Atrophy
• A decrease in the dimensions of a tissue or organ.
• Can result from a decrease in cell quantity by death or a loss in cell volume through shrinkage.
• Atrophy can manifest as a natural physiological phenomenon, such as thymic atrophy throughout puberty and ovarian atrophy during menopause. Pathological atrophy examples encompass muscle atrophy resulting from denervation and cerebral atrophy caused by cerebrovascular illness.
Hypertrophy
An augmentation in the dimensions of individual cells.
• As a result of an augmentation of cellular proteins and organelles.
• Observed in organs with terminally differentiated cells that are incapable of proliferation, such as cardiac and skeletal muscle. Examples of physiological hypertrophy encompass the myometrium of the uterus during pregnancy and the musculature of a bodybuilder. Pathological hypertrophy examples encompass left ventricular hypertrophy resulting from hypertension or aortic stenosis.
Hyperplasia
• An augmentation in cellular quantity. Examples of physiological hyperplasia encompass the endometrium and breast lobules in reaction to cyclical estrogen stimulation. Pathological hyperplasia examples include benign prostatic hyperplasia and parathyroid hyperplasia.
Metaplasia
A transformation in which one cellular type is replaced by another. • Considered to arise from progenitor cells differentiating into a novel cell type rather than through direct morphogenesis from one cell type to another. • Predominantly observed in epithelial cells, frequently as a reaction to chronic injury. • Metaplasia is designated based on the newly formed cell type; for instance, a transition from non-squamous to squamous epithelium is referred to as squamous metaplasia. Common locations of squamous metaplasia encompass the endocervix, forming the transformation zone associated with cervical neoplasia, and the bronchi of smokers. Common locations of glandular metaplasia encompass the lower esophagus in certain individuals with reflux illness, resulting in a discernible Barrett's esophagus.
Metaplasia serves as an indicator of chronic epithelial injury that may, in certain instances, progress to epithelial dysplasia and ultimately cancer.
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