​Pathology - Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

​Pathology - Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia 
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia is a type of cancer that affects the white blood cells.

Linked to genetic disorders involving an extra copy of chromosome 12, deletions of chromosome 13g, and deletions of chromosome 11q. Typically manifests gradually in males over the age of 60.

Pathology 
Bone marrow: Infiltration by tiny lymphocytic cells that resemble mature B lymphocytes (they express CD5, a marker typically found in T lymphocytes).
Peripheral blood smear: Smudge cells (leukemic cells are susceptible to mechanical disruption)
During the process of slide preparation, there is an occurrence of lymphocytosis, which is characterized by the presence of a normal amount of lymphocytes. Additionally, the lymphocytes appear to have normal coloration. Erythrocytes with normal size

Symptoms and signs 
Manifestations may include lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, mucosal bleeding, and exhaustion. However, it is important to note that some patients may experience little symptoms, indicating a slow and chronic progression of the condition.
Complications encompass the occurrence of elevated AlHA levels, thrombocytopenia, and hypogammaglobulinemia, all of which contribute to the development of infections.

Therapy 
Chemotherapy is administered to alleviate symptoms or in patients experiencing end-organ failure, although achieving a cure is uncommon.
The average lifespan following diagnosis ranges from 3 to 25 years, depending on the cytogenetic status. Poorer survival outcomes are associated with the presence of markers such as ZAP 70, CD 38, and del 17p.
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) closely resembles small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL).