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Pathology - Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
A malignant tumor consisting of tiny mature B-cells that typically coexpress CD5 and CD23.
Epidemiology The predominant leukemia, occurring at a rate of 5 per 100,000 individuals. • A condition prevalent among older persons, with a peak incidence occurring between the ages of 60 and 80 years. • Males are impacted twice as frequently as females.
Aetiology • Unidentified.
Pathogenesis The oncogenic B-cells progressively infiltrate the bone marrow and subsequently enter the peripheral circulation. • As the condition advances, lymph nodes become affected, followed by the liver and spleen. • In the terminal phases of the disease, the neoplastic cells dominate the bone marrow, resulting in bone marrow failure.
Presentation • Numerous people are diagnosed incidentally when a complete blood count indicates leukocytosis. The remainder exhibits lymphadenopathy or autoimmune manifestations, such autoimmune hemolytic anemia or autoimmune thrombocytopenia.
Peripheral blood film: Excess of mature lymphocytes. Smear cells are indicative of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL); they are neoplastic cells that get blurred during film preparation. Histopathology • Lymph nodes are substituted by small, slightly atypical B-cells exhibiting varied quantities of proliferation centers comprising bigger lymphoid cells. • Affected bone marrow contains aggregates of neoplastic lymphoid cells. Immunophenotype: Positive for PAX5, CD20, CD79a, CD5, and CD23. • Cyclin D1 is negative.
Prognosis • Typically exhibits an indolent course, with several patients surviving for several years post-diagnosis, frequently without intervention. • A minority of cases are compounded by the emergence of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (Richter’s syndrome), which carries a bad prognosis.
A malignant tumor consisting of tiny mature B-cells that typically coexpress CD5 and CD23.
Epidemiology The predominant leukemia, occurring at a rate of 5 per 100,000 individuals. • A condition prevalent among older persons, with a peak incidence occurring between the ages of 60 and 80 years. • Males are impacted twice as frequently as females.
Aetiology • Unidentified.
Pathogenesis The oncogenic B-cells progressively infiltrate the bone marrow and subsequently enter the peripheral circulation. • As the condition advances, lymph nodes become affected, followed by the liver and spleen. • In the terminal phases of the disease, the neoplastic cells dominate the bone marrow, resulting in bone marrow failure.
Presentation • Numerous people are diagnosed incidentally when a complete blood count indicates leukocytosis. The remainder exhibits lymphadenopathy or autoimmune manifestations, such autoimmune hemolytic anemia or autoimmune thrombocytopenia.
Peripheral blood film: Excess of mature lymphocytes. Smear cells are indicative of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL); they are neoplastic cells that get blurred during film preparation. Histopathology • Lymph nodes are substituted by small, slightly atypical B-cells exhibiting varied quantities of proliferation centers comprising bigger lymphoid cells. • Affected bone marrow contains aggregates of neoplastic lymphoid cells. Immunophenotype: Positive for PAX5, CD20, CD79a, CD5, and CD23. • Cyclin D1 is negative.
Prognosis • Typically exhibits an indolent course, with several patients surviving for several years post-diagnosis, frequently without intervention. • A minority of cases are compounded by the emergence of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (Richter’s syndrome), which carries a bad prognosis.
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