​Pathology -Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

​Pathology -Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

These conditions, including abruptio placenta, amniotic fluid embolus, cancer, sepsis, trauma, acute pancreatitis, shock, and hemolytic transfusion reactions, are often associated with the occurrence of this phenomenon.

Peripheral blood smear reveals the presence of schistocytes, indicating thrombocytopenia.
Pathophysiology refers to the study of the functional changes that occur in the body as a result of a disease or injury. Excessive thrombin activity triggers the activation of the coagulation and fibrinolytic cascades, resulting in the formation of microthrombi. This, in turn, leads to the depletion of platelets, fibrin, and clotting factors, ultimately causing bleeding.
Vasculature: Microthrombi present in the small blood vessels of many organs.

Symptoms and signs 
The individual may have bleeding and blood clot formation, which can be observed through bleeding from locations where a needle has been inserted, little red or purple spots on the skin (petechiae), and reduced blood supply to the fingers and toes (ischemia). Additionally, there may be a condition called microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, which involves the destruction of red blood cells due to abnormal blood vessel function.
Laboratory results: Extended prothrombin time (PT) and partial thromboplastin time (PTT), prolonged bleeding duration, and prolonged thrombin time. elevated D-dimer concentrations, reduced fibrinogen levels, diminished platelet count, decreased hematocrit

Therapy 
Treatment includes platelet transfusion, administration of fresh frozen plasma and cryoprecipitate to restore diminished clotting factors and fibrinogen levels, as well as addressing the underlying illness.
Coagulopathy of liver disease is characterized by prolonged PT (prothrombin time), PTT (partial thromboplastin time), bleeding time, and thrombin time. This condition does not have any connection with small blood clots and can be effectively treated with vitamin K.