​Pathology -Essential and Secondary Hypertension

​Pathology -Essential  and Secondary Hypertension

Primary (idiopathic) hypertension (90%): Risk factors encompass advanced age, ethnicity, diabetes, tobacco use, excessive weight, and a positive familial background.
Secondary (10%): Renal parenchymal disease, renovascular disease, Conn syndrome, Cushing syndrome, pheochromocytoma, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and pharmacological responses (oral contraceptive pills, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, steroids) are the causes of this condition.

Study of the nature and causes of diseases. 
The microscopic examination reveals the presence of hyaline thickening of blood vessels, which is indicative of atherosclerosis.
Pathophysiology refers to the study of the functional changes that occur in the body as a result of a disease or injury. Hypertension is linked to an elevation in total peripheral resistance, which leads to an increase in the workload of the heart and subsequently causes hypertensive heart disease.

Clinical Presentations 
Typically without symptoms; may occasionally be accompanied by headaches or palpitations. In severe instances, it may manifest as a hypertensive emergency, characterized by symptoms such as headache, difficulty breathing, chest pain, and changes in brain function. which requires prompt and assertive intervention
Potential long-term problems including coronary artery disease (CAD), myocardial infarction (MI), cerebrovascular accident (CVA), congestive heart failure (CHF), peripheral vascular disease, aortic dissection, renal artery stenosis (reunopay), and renal failure.

Therapy 
Lower blood pressure to a level below 140/90 mm Hg by implementing lifestyle modifications and using antihypertensive medication. Address the root causes of secondary hypertension and administer intravenous antihypertensive therapy in cases of hypertensive emergencies.
Lifestyle modifications: Weight reduction, physical activity, decreased sodium consumption, cessation of smoking, and moderate alcohol consumption.
Pharmacological substances: ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, diuretics, and alpha blockers.