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Pathology - Functional ovarian cysts
Definition • Ovarian follicles exhibiting pathogenic cystic alterations. • A suggested threshold distinguishing normal cystic follicles from functional cysts is 2.5 cm.
Terminology: Cysts originating from pre-ovulatory follicles are termed follicular cysts, whereas those arising from the corpus luteum are referred to as corpus luteum cysts.
Epidemiology: Highly prevalent.
Aetiology • Follicular cysts are believed to indicate dysfunction of the pituitary-ovarian axis. Corpus luteum cysts arise from severe hemorrhage within a corpus luteum.
Presentation • Nearly all are identified incidentally, either through imaging or by a surgeon examining the pelvis. • Large cysts may intermittently manifest as a pelvic mass. Macroscopy: Follicular cysts are often solitary and range in size from 2.5 to 10 cm. The structures are characterized by smooth contours and contain a transparent fluid. Corpus luteum cysts typically range in size from 2.5 to 5 cm. The cyst contains sanguineous fluid, and the wall is frequently yellow
Cytopathology . : The aspirated fluid from a follicular cyst comprises many granulosa cells characterized by spherical nuclei, coarse chromatin, and a narrow rim of cytoplasm. Nuclear grooves may be observed. Certain cysts may also comprise luteinized cells. Aspirated fluid from a corpus luteum cyst comprises blood, haemosiderin-laden macrophages, and many completely luteinized granulosa cells. These are sizable polyhedral cells characterized by copious finely granular cytoplasm. The nuclei are round to elliptical, exhibiting finely granular chromatin and conspicuous nucleoli. Nuclear grooves are absent. Histopathology Follicular cysts are composed of granulosa and theca cells, which may exhibit luteinization. Corpus luteum cysts have significant central hemorrhage. The lining consists of entirely luteinized granulosa and theca cells.
Prognosis: Functional ovarian cysts are completely benign. They are mostly of clinical significance, as big cysts may raise suspicion for a cystic neoplasm.
Definition • Ovarian follicles exhibiting pathogenic cystic alterations. • A suggested threshold distinguishing normal cystic follicles from functional cysts is 2.5 cm.
Terminology: Cysts originating from pre-ovulatory follicles are termed follicular cysts, whereas those arising from the corpus luteum are referred to as corpus luteum cysts.
Epidemiology: Highly prevalent.
Aetiology • Follicular cysts are believed to indicate dysfunction of the pituitary-ovarian axis. Corpus luteum cysts arise from severe hemorrhage within a corpus luteum.
Presentation • Nearly all are identified incidentally, either through imaging or by a surgeon examining the pelvis. • Large cysts may intermittently manifest as a pelvic mass. Macroscopy: Follicular cysts are often solitary and range in size from 2.5 to 10 cm. The structures are characterized by smooth contours and contain a transparent fluid. Corpus luteum cysts typically range in size from 2.5 to 5 cm. The cyst contains sanguineous fluid, and the wall is frequently yellow
Cytopathology . : The aspirated fluid from a follicular cyst comprises many granulosa cells characterized by spherical nuclei, coarse chromatin, and a narrow rim of cytoplasm. Nuclear grooves may be observed. Certain cysts may also comprise luteinized cells. Aspirated fluid from a corpus luteum cyst comprises blood, haemosiderin-laden macrophages, and many completely luteinized granulosa cells. These are sizable polyhedral cells characterized by copious finely granular cytoplasm. The nuclei are round to elliptical, exhibiting finely granular chromatin and conspicuous nucleoli. Nuclear grooves are absent. Histopathology Follicular cysts are composed of granulosa and theca cells, which may exhibit luteinization. Corpus luteum cysts have significant central hemorrhage. The lining consists of entirely luteinized granulosa and theca cells.
Prognosis: Functional ovarian cysts are completely benign. They are mostly of clinical significance, as big cysts may raise suspicion for a cystic neoplasm.
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