​Pathology - Hodgkin lymphoma

​Pathology - Hodgkin lymphoma
The cause is currently unknown, but EB infection has been suggested as a possible factor.
The typical occurrence is in a 20-year-old male, however Hodgkin lymphoma has a dual age distribution pattern, with a high incidence between 20 and 30 years and another peak after the age of 50.

Pathology 
The lymph node contains a type of cell called Reed-Sternberg cell. These cells are large and have several nuclei, with nucleoli that appear eosinophilic and resemble the eyes of an owl. It is believed that these cells originate from B-cells that express CD 30 and CD 15 proteins.
There are four different histologic variations. (1) Lymphocyte predominance: characterized by a high number of lymphocytes and a low number of Reed-Sternberg cells. (2) Nodular sclerosis: characterized by the presence of fibrous bands and a specific type of Reed-Sternberg cells called lacunar cells. (3) Mixed cellularity: characterized by the presence of eosinophils, plasma cells, Reed-Sternberg cells, and fibrosis. (4) Lymphocyte depletion: characterized by a low number of lymphocytes, a high number of Reed-Sternberg cells, and the occurrence of necrosis.

Presenting Symptoms 
The lymphadenopathy is typically painless and localized in the neck, appearing as a single group of nodes. It is accompanied by itching and an enlarged spleen.
Constitutional symptoms (B symptoms): Symptoms include a little increase in body temperature, excessive sweating during the night, and a reduction in body weight.

Therapeutic interventions 
Treatment methods include radiation therapy and chemotherapy.
A favorable prognosis (80% likelihood of cure) is linked to non-disseminated illness, the absence of B symptoms, and specific histologic characteristics (lymphocyte predominance and nodular sclerosis). While patients diagnosed with Hodgkin's lymphoma face the possibility of developing second malignancies such as acute leukemia or breast cancer, it is important to note that Hodgkin lymphoma typically spreads to nearby lymph nodes.
Women are more frequently observed to have the Nodular sclerosis histologic subtype of Hodgkin lymphoma.