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Pathology - Malformations of the respiratory tract
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
A diaphragmatic abnormality resulting from the failure of the pleuroperitoneal canals to seal during the 8 to 10 weeks of gestation. • Bowel loops and the liver may herniate into the thoracic cavity, exerting pressure on the developing lung, resulting in lung hypoplasia. • Infants typically exhibit respiratory failure, with a mortality rate of 50% within 24 hours after birth.
Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation
A lung mass consisting of terminal bronchioles. Normal alveoli are absent. Typically, just one lobe is affected. • Numerous cases identified with prenatal ultrasonography at 20 weeks of gestation. • The majority induce a certain level of respiratory discomfort, necessitating surgical removal.
Pulmonary sequestration
A distinct mass of lung tissue lacking any normal attachment to the respiratory tract. • Sequestrations possess a systemic blood supply. • The majority are intrapulmonary and located in the left lower lobe. • Up to fifty percent of extrapulmonary sequestrations may be linked to other defects. • Pulmonary sequestrations can get infected or result in significant haemoptysis.
Laryngomalacia
• A very prevalent disorder characterized by the collapse of the epiglottis and arytenoid cartilages during inspiration. • Neonates affected exhibit inspiratory stridor within the initial weeks of life. The stridor may exacerbate until approximately 6 months of age and subsequently improve progressively. • The majority of children exhibit no symptoms by 24 months.
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
A diaphragmatic abnormality resulting from the failure of the pleuroperitoneal canals to seal during the 8 to 10 weeks of gestation. • Bowel loops and the liver may herniate into the thoracic cavity, exerting pressure on the developing lung, resulting in lung hypoplasia. • Infants typically exhibit respiratory failure, with a mortality rate of 50% within 24 hours after birth.
Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation
A lung mass consisting of terminal bronchioles. Normal alveoli are absent. Typically, just one lobe is affected. • Numerous cases identified with prenatal ultrasonography at 20 weeks of gestation. • The majority induce a certain level of respiratory discomfort, necessitating surgical removal.
Pulmonary sequestration
A distinct mass of lung tissue lacking any normal attachment to the respiratory tract. • Sequestrations possess a systemic blood supply. • The majority are intrapulmonary and located in the left lower lobe. • Up to fifty percent of extrapulmonary sequestrations may be linked to other defects. • Pulmonary sequestrations can get infected or result in significant haemoptysis.
Laryngomalacia
• A very prevalent disorder characterized by the collapse of the epiglottis and arytenoid cartilages during inspiration. • Neonates affected exhibit inspiratory stridor within the initial weeks of life. The stridor may exacerbate until approximately 6 months of age and subsequently improve progressively. • The majority of children exhibit no symptoms by 24 months.
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