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Pathology - Nodular Goitre
Definition • Nodular hypertrophy of the thyroid gland.
Epidemiology • Extremely prevalent. • Clinically evident nodular goitre impacts up to 5% of the population.
Etiology Numerous instances are believed to result from minor genetic anomalies in the components of the thyroid hormone synthesis machinery.
Pathogenesis
Decreased thyroid hormone levels prompt the anterior pituitary to secrete TSH. Repetitive cycles of stimulation and involution lead to the formation of numerous nodules in the thyroid.
Presentation • A distinctly enlarged, nodular goitre. • The majority of individuals are euthyroid.
Macroscopy
The thyroid gland is hypertrophied and multinodular. Slicing exposes several unencapsulated nodules of diverse sizes, typically filled with copious colloid. • Regions exhibiting cystic alteration, hemorrhage, and calcification are prevalent.
Cytopathology
Aspirates exhibit a high concentration of colloid with minimal thyroid follicular epithelium. • Macrophages containing haemosiderin may be present as a result of prior bleeding. Foamy macrophages frequently signify cystic transformation within a lesion.
Histopathology: The thyroid has many nodules of diverse dimensions, accompanied by regions of cystic alteration and hemorrhage. The follicles within the nodules exhibit varied characteristics. Some are significantly distended with colloid, some exhibit hyperplasia, while others are diminutive and densely arranged, creating cellular 'adenomatoid' nodules.
Prognosis • Nodular goitre is a benign disorder with no documented elevated risk of thyroid carcinoma. • The primary potential complication is the compression of adjacent tissues, such as the trachea, due to a significantly larger nodular goitre.
Definition • Nodular hypertrophy of the thyroid gland.
Epidemiology • Extremely prevalent. • Clinically evident nodular goitre impacts up to 5% of the population.
Etiology Numerous instances are believed to result from minor genetic anomalies in the components of the thyroid hormone synthesis machinery.
Pathogenesis
Decreased thyroid hormone levels prompt the anterior pituitary to secrete TSH. Repetitive cycles of stimulation and involution lead to the formation of numerous nodules in the thyroid.
Presentation • A distinctly enlarged, nodular goitre. • The majority of individuals are euthyroid.
Macroscopy
The thyroid gland is hypertrophied and multinodular. Slicing exposes several unencapsulated nodules of diverse sizes, typically filled with copious colloid. • Regions exhibiting cystic alteration, hemorrhage, and calcification are prevalent.
Cytopathology
Aspirates exhibit a high concentration of colloid with minimal thyroid follicular epithelium. • Macrophages containing haemosiderin may be present as a result of prior bleeding. Foamy macrophages frequently signify cystic transformation within a lesion.
Histopathology: The thyroid has many nodules of diverse dimensions, accompanied by regions of cystic alteration and hemorrhage. The follicles within the nodules exhibit varied characteristics. Some are significantly distended with colloid, some exhibit hyperplasia, while others are diminutive and densely arranged, creating cellular 'adenomatoid' nodules.
Prognosis • Nodular goitre is a benign disorder with no documented elevated risk of thyroid carcinoma. • The primary potential complication is the compression of adjacent tissues, such as the trachea, due to a significantly larger nodular goitre.
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