​Pathology - Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

​Pathology - Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Chromosomal translocations are genetic abnormalities that occur in some types of lymphomas. In Burkitt lymphoma, a specific translocation called t(8;14) leads to the overexpression of the c-myc gene. In follicular lymphoma, another translocation called t(14;18) causes the activation of the bcl-2 gene, which is the most commonly observed translocation in this type of lymphoma.
Viral infections: HIV and EBV (EBV is related with Burkitt lymphoma of the jaw).
The median age of diagnosis is 65, and it is more prevalent among males.

Study of diseases and their effects on the body 
Lymph node: (1) Follicular: characterized by the proliferation of cleaved cells in a nodular pattern; (2) Burkitt: exhibits a starry-sky appearance and consists of non-cleaved cells; (3) Small lymphocytic: shows the widespread effacement of lymph node architecture by small mature lymphocytes, often associated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (also positive for CD5 marker); (4) Diffuse large B cell: characterized by the presence of large cells with large, round nuclei; (5) Other variants include mantle cell. A marginal cell. MALT lymphoma

Presenting Symptoms 
The patient presents with hepatosplenomegaly, painless lymphadenopathy, and fewer B symptoms compared to Hodgkin lymphoma.

Laboratory results indicate elevated levels of LDH, which can be utilized as a prognostic marker. Absence of hypergammaglobulinemia

Therapy 
Treatment options for relapsing disease include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and bone marrow transplant.
The median survival rate is 6-8 years. The prognosis is particularly unfavorable for elderly individuals, those with disseminated disease, and those with aggressive types.
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) does not spread in a continuous manner.
EBV infection is additionally linked to an elevated susceptibility for nasopharyngeal cancer.