​Pathology - Osteoporosis

​Pathology - Osteoporosis 
caused by an increase in bone reabsorption or a deficiency in bone synthesis, which lowers bone mass.
associated with physical inactivity, genetic bone disorders, anorexia, liver disease, and endocrine abnormalities (estrogen deficit in menopause, Cushing syndrome, hyperthyroidism, and calcium deficiency).
Most frequently observed in older, Caucasian women.

Bone: Wider haversian systems, thin cortical, and thinner and fewer trabeculae characterize this qualitatively normal bone.

Clinical Signs and Symptoms 
Back pain; fractures, particularly those involving the hip, femur, or thoracolumbar spine; and kyphosis, or loss of height due to spinal compression fractures.
Visualization: Reduced bone mass is shown by bone density investigations (DEXA); diffuse radiolucency is seen on radiographs.

Handling 
Exercise, calcium and vitamin D supplements, selective estrogen receptor modulators (such as raloxifene), bisphosphonates (which decrease osteoclast bone resorption), and other factors.