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Pathology - Squamous cell carcinoma
Definition: A malignant epidermal tumor with squamous differentiation.
Epidemiology: Common tumors constitute around 15% of all skin cancers. • The majority occur on sun-exposed skin of older individuals with fair complexions.
Aetiology • The majority are associated with cumulative exposure to UV radiation. • Immunosuppression elevates the risk. Transplant recipients are especially susceptible to the development of numerous tumors. Carcinogenesis • The majority originate from actinic keratoses, which are dysplastic epidermal lesions that develop on sun-damaged skin. UV light, especially UVB, causes DNA damage in genes that regulate development, such as KRAS and CDK4.
Presentation • Dermal plaques or nodules, frequently exhibiting a keratinized surface crust. • Ulceration may occur.
Histopathology • Atypical squamous epithelial cells are observed in nests, sheets, and cords, originating from the epidermis and infiltrating the underlying dermis. • Tumors are classified as well, moderately, or poorly differentiated based on the degree of keratinization.
Prognosis: • The majority are primarily locally infiltrative upon diagnosis and can be effectively treated with surgical excision. Factors contributing to recurrence or metastasis encompass invasion depth, poor differentiation, perineural invasion, restricted excision, and immunosuppression.
Pathological classification of cutaneous carcinomas Primary tumor (T) pT1: tumor is 2 cm or smaller in diameter. pT2: tumor exceeds 2 cm in size. pT3: tumor infiltrates muscle, bone, cartilage, jaws, and orbit. pT4: tumor infiltrates the skull base and axial skeleton. Regional lymphatic nodes (N) pN1: solitary nodal metastasis measuring less than 3 cm in size. pN2: solitary nodal metastasis ranging from 3 to 6 cm in size or several nodal metastases, with none exceeding 6 cm. pN3: any nodal metastasis over 6 cm
Definition: A malignant epidermal tumor with squamous differentiation.
Epidemiology: Common tumors constitute around 15% of all skin cancers. • The majority occur on sun-exposed skin of older individuals with fair complexions.
Aetiology • The majority are associated with cumulative exposure to UV radiation. • Immunosuppression elevates the risk. Transplant recipients are especially susceptible to the development of numerous tumors. Carcinogenesis • The majority originate from actinic keratoses, which are dysplastic epidermal lesions that develop on sun-damaged skin. UV light, especially UVB, causes DNA damage in genes that regulate development, such as KRAS and CDK4.
Presentation • Dermal plaques or nodules, frequently exhibiting a keratinized surface crust. • Ulceration may occur.
Histopathology • Atypical squamous epithelial cells are observed in nests, sheets, and cords, originating from the epidermis and infiltrating the underlying dermis. • Tumors are classified as well, moderately, or poorly differentiated based on the degree of keratinization.
Prognosis: • The majority are primarily locally infiltrative upon diagnosis and can be effectively treated with surgical excision. Factors contributing to recurrence or metastasis encompass invasion depth, poor differentiation, perineural invasion, restricted excision, and immunosuppression.
Pathological classification of cutaneous carcinomas Primary tumor (T) pT1: tumor is 2 cm or smaller in diameter. pT2: tumor exceeds 2 cm in size. pT3: tumor infiltrates muscle, bone, cartilage, jaws, and orbit. pT4: tumor infiltrates the skull base and axial skeleton. Regional lymphatic nodes (N) pN1: solitary nodal metastasis measuring less than 3 cm in size. pN2: solitary nodal metastasis ranging from 3 to 6 cm in size or several nodal metastases, with none exceeding 6 cm. pN3: any nodal metastasis over 6 cm
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