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Surgery - Surgical Terms
Allen’s Test
Allen’s test is used to assess the adequacy of blood flow to the hand via the radial and ulnar arteries. The patient is asked to clench their fist to expel blood while both arteries are compressed. After opening the blanched hand, one artery is released to observe if normal color returns, indicating patency. The process is then repeated for the other artery.
Argyll Robertson Pupil
Argyll Robertson pupil is characterized by pupils that constrict during accommodation (focusing on near objects) but do not respond to light. This dissociation is remembered by the mnemonic: Accommodation Reflex Present, Pupillary Response Absent.
Barton’s Fracture
Barton’s fracture is a fracture-dislocation of the distal radius involving the articular surface, typically affecting the volar lip. The distal fragment and hand are displaced proximally and volarly, and it can sometimes be mistaken for a Colles’ fracture.
Battle’s Sign
Battle’s sign refers to bruising over the mastoid region (behind the ear) and is a clinical indicator of a basal skull fracture.
Beck’s Triad
Beck’s triad is a set of three clinical signs seen in cardiac tamponade: raised jugular venous pressure, muffled heart sounds, and hypotension.
Bell’s Palsy
Bell’s palsy is an acute lower motor neuron facial nerve paralysis of unknown cause. It presents with unilateral facial weakness and is diagnosed after excluding other causes.
Chvostek’s Sign
Chvostek’s sign is a clinical sign of hypocalcaemia. Tapping over the facial nerve triggers twitching of the facial muscles.
Colles’ Fracture
Colles’ fracture is a fracture of the distal radius, typically within 2 cm of the wrist joint, with dorsal displacement of the distal fragment, producing a characteristic “dinner fork” deformity.
Compartment Syndrome
Compartment syndrome occurs when pressure within a closed anatomical space rises to a level that compromises circulation and tissue viability, potentially leading to permanent damage if untreated.
Cushing’s Triad
Cushing’s triad is associated with raised intracranial pressure and consists of hypertension, bradycardia, and irregular respirations.
De Quervain’s Tenosynovitis
De Quervain’s tenosynovitis is inflammation of the extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus tendons due to repetitive use, causing pain on thumb movement.
Finkelstein’s Test
Finkelstein’s test is used to diagnose De Quervain’s tenosynovitis. The patient makes a fist with the thumb inside, and ulnar deviation of the wrist causes pain due to tendon stretching.
Frey’s Syndrome
Frey’s syndrome is characterized by sweating and flushing over the cheek when eating or thinking about food. It occurs due to misdirected regeneration of autonomic fibers after parotid gland injury.
Galeazzi Fracture
Galeazzi fracture involves a fracture of the radial shaft with dislocation of the distal radioulnar joint, disrupting the forearm axis.
Gradenigo’s Syndrome
Gradenigo’s syndrome is associated with complications of otitis media and includes ear infection signs, ipsilateral abducens nerve palsy, and trigeminal nerve pain.
Hitselberger’s Sign
Hitselberger’s sign involves increased sensitivity of the posterior external auditory canal along with hearing loss, often seen in acoustic neuroma.
Horner’s Syndrome
Horner’s syndrome results from disruption of sympathetic innervation to the eye, causing ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis, and enophthalmos on the affected side.
Monteggia Fracture
Monteggia fracture consists of a fracture of the proximal ulna with dislocation of the radial head.
Osler–Rendu–Weber Syndrome
Osler–Rendu–Weber syndrome, or hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia, causes abnormal blood vessel formation leading to frequent nosebleeds and mucosal telangiectasia.
Pendred’s Syndrome
Pendred’s syndrome is an autosomal recessive condition characterized by congenital sensorineural hearing loss and the development of a thyroid goitre.
Pierre Robin Sequence
Pierre Robin sequence includes a small mandible, cleft palate, and displacement of the tongue, often causing airway obstruction and feeding difficulties.
Raccoon Eyes
Raccoon eyes refer to bilateral periorbital bruising, commonly seen in basal skull fractures.
Refsum Disease
Refsum disease is a metabolic disorder presenting with retinitis pigmentosa, cerebellar ataxia, peripheral neuropathy, and hearing loss.
Ramsay Hunt Syndrome
Ramsay Hunt syndrome is caused by herpes zoster infection of the facial nerve and presents with facial paralysis and painful vesicles in the ear.
Smith’s Fracture
Smith’s fracture is a distal radius fracture with volar displacement of the distal fragment, usually resulting from a fall onto a flexed wrist.
Superior Vena Cava Syndrome
Superior vena cava syndrome occurs when there is obstruction of the SVC, leading to swelling and venous congestion of the face, neck, and upper chest.
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Thoracic outlet syndrome involves compression of nerves or blood vessels at the thoracic outlet, leading to upper limb symptoms.
Thornwaldt’s Cyst
Thornwaldt’s cyst is a benign cyst in the nasopharynx arising from the pharyngeal bursa and may cause nasal obstruction.
Treacher Collins Syndrome
Treacher Collins syndrome is a genetic disorder causing underdevelopment of facial bones, particularly the jaw and ears, often with hearing impairment.
Trousseau’s Sign
Trousseau’s sign is seen in hypocalcaemia, where inflation of a blood pressure cuff induces carpopedal spasm.
Waardenburg Syndrome
Waardenburg syndrome is a genetic condition characterized by wide-set eyes, pigment abnormalities such as a white forelock, and sensorineural hearing loss.
If you want, I can convert this into exam flashcards, OSCE notes, or ultra-short one-liners for quick recall.
Allen’s Test
Allen’s test is used to assess the adequacy of blood flow to the hand via the radial and ulnar arteries. The patient is asked to clench their fist to expel blood while both arteries are compressed. After opening the blanched hand, one artery is released to observe if normal color returns, indicating patency. The process is then repeated for the other artery.
Argyll Robertson Pupil
Argyll Robertson pupil is characterized by pupils that constrict during accommodation (focusing on near objects) but do not respond to light. This dissociation is remembered by the mnemonic: Accommodation Reflex Present, Pupillary Response Absent.
Barton’s Fracture
Barton’s fracture is a fracture-dislocation of the distal radius involving the articular surface, typically affecting the volar lip. The distal fragment and hand are displaced proximally and volarly, and it can sometimes be mistaken for a Colles’ fracture.
Battle’s Sign
Battle’s sign refers to bruising over the mastoid region (behind the ear) and is a clinical indicator of a basal skull fracture.
Beck’s Triad
Beck’s triad is a set of three clinical signs seen in cardiac tamponade: raised jugular venous pressure, muffled heart sounds, and hypotension.
Bell’s Palsy
Bell’s palsy is an acute lower motor neuron facial nerve paralysis of unknown cause. It presents with unilateral facial weakness and is diagnosed after excluding other causes.
Chvostek’s Sign
Chvostek’s sign is a clinical sign of hypocalcaemia. Tapping over the facial nerve triggers twitching of the facial muscles.
Colles’ Fracture
Colles’ fracture is a fracture of the distal radius, typically within 2 cm of the wrist joint, with dorsal displacement of the distal fragment, producing a characteristic “dinner fork” deformity.
Compartment Syndrome
Compartment syndrome occurs when pressure within a closed anatomical space rises to a level that compromises circulation and tissue viability, potentially leading to permanent damage if untreated.
Cushing’s Triad
Cushing’s triad is associated with raised intracranial pressure and consists of hypertension, bradycardia, and irregular respirations.
De Quervain’s Tenosynovitis
De Quervain’s tenosynovitis is inflammation of the extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus tendons due to repetitive use, causing pain on thumb movement.
Finkelstein’s Test
Finkelstein’s test is used to diagnose De Quervain’s tenosynovitis. The patient makes a fist with the thumb inside, and ulnar deviation of the wrist causes pain due to tendon stretching.
Frey’s Syndrome
Frey’s syndrome is characterized by sweating and flushing over the cheek when eating or thinking about food. It occurs due to misdirected regeneration of autonomic fibers after parotid gland injury.
Galeazzi Fracture
Galeazzi fracture involves a fracture of the radial shaft with dislocation of the distal radioulnar joint, disrupting the forearm axis.
Gradenigo’s Syndrome
Gradenigo’s syndrome is associated with complications of otitis media and includes ear infection signs, ipsilateral abducens nerve palsy, and trigeminal nerve pain.
Hitselberger’s Sign
Hitselberger’s sign involves increased sensitivity of the posterior external auditory canal along with hearing loss, often seen in acoustic neuroma.
Horner’s Syndrome
Horner’s syndrome results from disruption of sympathetic innervation to the eye, causing ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis, and enophthalmos on the affected side.
Monteggia Fracture
Monteggia fracture consists of a fracture of the proximal ulna with dislocation of the radial head.
Osler–Rendu–Weber Syndrome
Osler–Rendu–Weber syndrome, or hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia, causes abnormal blood vessel formation leading to frequent nosebleeds and mucosal telangiectasia.
Pendred’s Syndrome
Pendred’s syndrome is an autosomal recessive condition characterized by congenital sensorineural hearing loss and the development of a thyroid goitre.
Pierre Robin Sequence
Pierre Robin sequence includes a small mandible, cleft palate, and displacement of the tongue, often causing airway obstruction and feeding difficulties.
Raccoon Eyes
Raccoon eyes refer to bilateral periorbital bruising, commonly seen in basal skull fractures.
Refsum Disease
Refsum disease is a metabolic disorder presenting with retinitis pigmentosa, cerebellar ataxia, peripheral neuropathy, and hearing loss.
Ramsay Hunt Syndrome
Ramsay Hunt syndrome is caused by herpes zoster infection of the facial nerve and presents with facial paralysis and painful vesicles in the ear.
Smith’s Fracture
Smith’s fracture is a distal radius fracture with volar displacement of the distal fragment, usually resulting from a fall onto a flexed wrist.
Superior Vena Cava Syndrome
Superior vena cava syndrome occurs when there is obstruction of the SVC, leading to swelling and venous congestion of the face, neck, and upper chest.
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Thoracic outlet syndrome involves compression of nerves or blood vessels at the thoracic outlet, leading to upper limb symptoms.
Thornwaldt’s Cyst
Thornwaldt’s cyst is a benign cyst in the nasopharynx arising from the pharyngeal bursa and may cause nasal obstruction.
Treacher Collins Syndrome
Treacher Collins syndrome is a genetic disorder causing underdevelopment of facial bones, particularly the jaw and ears, often with hearing impairment.
Trousseau’s Sign
Trousseau’s sign is seen in hypocalcaemia, where inflation of a blood pressure cuff induces carpopedal spasm.
Waardenburg Syndrome
Waardenburg syndrome is a genetic condition characterized by wide-set eyes, pigment abnormalities such as a white forelock, and sensorineural hearing loss.
If you want, I can convert this into exam flashcards, OSCE notes, or ultra-short one-liners for quick recall.
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