Symptoms and Sign – Differential Diagnosis of Cough
• “Smoker’s cough” • Anxiety • Asthma • Bronchiectasis • Cardiac (congestive heart failure, pulmonary edema, mitral stenosis, pericardial inflammation) • Cystic fibrosis • Drug induced (especially angiotensin-converting enzyme [ACE] inhibitors, b-blockers) • Exposure to irritants (noxious fumes, smoke, cold air) • Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) • Infectious process (viral, bacterial) • Inflammation of larynx, pleura, diaphragm, mediastinum • Interstitial lung disease • Lung neoplasms • Lymphomas, mediastinal neoplasms • Other: pulmonary embolism, foreign body inhalation, aortic aneurysm, Zenker’s diverticulum, osteophytes, substernal thyroid, thyroiditis, polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) • Postinfectious • Recurrent aspiration • Rhinitis (allergic, vasomotor, postinfectious)
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