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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Arterial blood gases
Hypoxia, normal or low PaCO2 (respiratory failure: type 1)
Asthma
COPD
Pulmonary embolism
Pulmonary oedema
Pneumonia
Pulmonary fibrosis
Right to Left shunt
ARDS
Hypoxia, high PaCO2 (respiratory failure: type 2)
CNS:
Organic disease involving respiratory centre (vascular, infection, inflammation,
trauma, tumour)
Drugs: opiates, benzodiazepines, barbiturates and other anaesthetic agents
Lungs:
Severe asthma, COPD, large airway obstruction, obstructive sleep apnoea
Neuromuscular:
Motor neurones: Guillain-Barre syndrome, motor neurone disease,
poliomyelitis, acute porphyria
Neuromuscular junction/muscle: myasthenia gravis, muscular dystrophies
muscle relaxants, diaphragmatic paralysis
Chest wall:
Severe kyphoscoliosis, severe obesity, traumatic 'flail chest'
Hypoxia, normal or low PaCO2 (respiratory failure: type 1)
Asthma
COPD
Pulmonary embolism
Pulmonary oedema
Pneumonia
Pulmonary fibrosis
Right to Left shunt
ARDS
Hypoxia, high PaCO2 (respiratory failure: type 2)
CNS:
Organic disease involving respiratory centre (vascular, infection, inflammation,
trauma, tumour)
Drugs: opiates, benzodiazepines, barbiturates and other anaesthetic agents
Lungs:
Severe asthma, COPD, large airway obstruction, obstructive sleep apnoea
Neuromuscular:
Motor neurones: Guillain-Barre syndrome, motor neurone disease,
poliomyelitis, acute porphyria
Neuromuscular junction/muscle: myasthenia gravis, muscular dystrophies
muscle relaxants, diaphragmatic paralysis
Chest wall:
Severe kyphoscoliosis, severe obesity, traumatic 'flail chest'
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