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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Breath Odor
• Sweet, fruity: diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), starvation ketosis
• Musty fish, clover: fetor hepaticus (hepatic failure)
• Halitosis: tonsillitis, gingivitis, respiratory infections, Vincent’s angina, gastroesophageal reflux, Helicobacter pylori infection, Zenker’s diverticulum
• Foul, putrid: nasal/sinus pathology (infection, foreign body, cancer), respiratory infections (empyema, lung abscess, bronchiectasis)
• Foul, feculent: intestinal obstruction/diverticulum
• Fishy, stale: uremia (trimethylamines)
• Cinnamon: pulmonary TB
• Ammonia-like: uremia (ammonia)
• Achalasia
• Sweet, fruity: diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), starvation ketosis
• Musty fish, clover: fetor hepaticus (hepatic failure)
• Halitosis: tonsillitis, gingivitis, respiratory infections, Vincent’s angina, gastroesophageal reflux, Helicobacter pylori infection, Zenker’s diverticulum
• Foul, putrid: nasal/sinus pathology (infection, foreign body, cancer), respiratory infections (empyema, lung abscess, bronchiectasis)
• Foul, feculent: intestinal obstruction/diverticulum
• Fishy, stale: uremia (trimethylamines)
• Cinnamon: pulmonary TB
• Ammonia-like: uremia (ammonia)
• Achalasia
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