​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Calcium Stones

​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Calcium Stones
• Thyrotoxicosis
• Sarcoidosis
• Renal tubular acidosis
• Prolonged immobilization
• Primary hyperparathyroidism
• Milk-alkali syndrome
• Medications (e.g., antacids, loop diuretics, vitamin D, acetazolamide, glucocorticoids)
• Hypocitraturia (e.g., metabolic acidosis, hypomagnesemia, hypokalemia)
• Hyperuricosuria (e.g., hyperuricemia, excessive dietary purine, allopurinol, probenecid)
• Hyperoxaluria (e.g., Crohn’s disease, celiac disease, chronic pancreatitis)
• Hypercalcemia from malignant disease