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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Cyanosis
• Aortic aneurysm
• Arterial obstruction
• Atelectasis
• Congenital heart disease with right-to-left shunt
• Decreased cardiac output
• Elevated hemidiaphragm
• Eventration
• Hemoglobinopathies
• Hypoxia
• Idiopathic
• Infectious process (pneumonia, empyema, TB, subphrenic abscess, hepatic abscess)
• Intra-abdominal mass
• Neoplasm (bronchogenic carcinoma, mediastinal neoplasm, intrahepatic lesion)
• Phrenic nerve dysfunction (myelitis, myotonia, herpes zoster)
• Pleurisy
• Pulmonary atrioventricular (AV) fistulas
• Pulmonary disease (oxygen diffusion and alveolar ventilation abnormalities)
• Pulmonary edema
• Pulmonary embolism
• Pulmonary infarction
• Radiation therapy
• Rib fracture
• Substernal thyroid
• Superior vena cava syndrome
• Trauma to phrenic nerve or diaphragm (e.g., surgery)
• Vasospasm
• Aortic aneurysm
• Arterial obstruction
• Atelectasis
• Congenital heart disease with right-to-left shunt
• Decreased cardiac output
• Elevated hemidiaphragm
• Eventration
• Hemoglobinopathies
• Hypoxia
• Idiopathic
• Infectious process (pneumonia, empyema, TB, subphrenic abscess, hepatic abscess)
• Intra-abdominal mass
• Neoplasm (bronchogenic carcinoma, mediastinal neoplasm, intrahepatic lesion)
• Phrenic nerve dysfunction (myelitis, myotonia, herpes zoster)
• Pleurisy
• Pulmonary atrioventricular (AV) fistulas
• Pulmonary disease (oxygen diffusion and alveolar ventilation abnormalities)
• Pulmonary edema
• Pulmonary embolism
• Pulmonary infarction
• Radiation therapy
• Rib fracture
• Substernal thyroid
• Superior vena cava syndrome
• Trauma to phrenic nerve or diaphragm (e.g., surgery)
• Vasospasm
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