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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Cyanosis • Aortic aneurysm • Arterial obstruction • Atelectasis • Congenital heart disease with right-to-left shunt • Decreased cardiac output • Elevated hemidiaphragm • Eventration • Hemoglobinopathies • Hypoxia • Idiopathic • Infectious process (pneumonia, empyema, TB, subphrenic abscess, hepatic abscess) • Intra-abdominal mass • Neoplasm (bronchogenic carcinoma, mediastinal neoplasm, intrahepatic lesion) • Phrenic nerve dysfunction (myelitis, myotonia, herpes zoster) • Pleurisy • Pulmonary atrioventricular (AV) fistulas • Pulmonary disease (oxygen diffusion and alveolar ventilation abnormalities) • Pulmonary edema • Pulmonary embolism • Pulmonary infarction • Radiation therapy • Rib fracture • Substernal thyroid • Superior vena cava syndrome • Trauma to phrenic nerve or diaphragm (e.g., surgery) • Vasospasm 
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