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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Hiccups
TRANSIENT HICCUPS
• Sudden excitement, emotion
• Gastric distention
• Esophageal obstruction
• Alcohol ingestion
• Sudden change in temperature
PERSISTENT OR CHRONIC HICCUPS
• Toxic/metabolic: uremia, DM, hyperventilation, hypocalcemia, hypokalemia, hyponatremia, gout, fever
• Drugs: benzodiazepines, steroids, methyldopa, barbiturates
• Surgery/general anesthesia
• Thoracic/diaphragmatic disorders: pneumonia, lung cancer, asthma, pleuritis, pericarditis, myocardial infarction (MI), aortic aneurysm, esophagitis, esophageal obstruction, diaphragmatic hernia or irritation
• Abdominal disorders: gastric ulcer or cancer, hepatobiliary or pancreatic disease, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), bowel obstruction, intra-abdominal or subphrenic abscess, prostatic infection or cancer
• CNS disorders: traumatic, infectious, vascular, structural
• Ear, nose, and throat disorders: pharyngitis, laryngitis, tumor, irritation of auditory canal
• Psychogenic disorders
• Idiopathic disorders
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.