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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Hypocalcaemia
Vitamin D resistance
Vitamin D deficiency
Surgical (after thyroidectomy or parathyroidectomy)
Respiratory alkalosis
Renal failure
reduced Mg2+, Fe2+ overload, increase Cu2+ (Wilson's disease)
Reduced Dietary intake/malabsorption
Pseudohypoparathyroidism (resistance to PTH)
Pancreatitis (acute)
Others
Liver disease
Lack of sunlight
Increase Phosphate: chronic renal failure, phosphate therapy
Iatrogenic: bisphosphonates, calcitonin, citrated blood (massive transfusion)
Hypoparathyroidism
Hypoalbuminaemia
Congenital (DiGeorge's syndrome)
Autoimmune
Artifact (collecting blood into an EDTA tube)
Anticonvulsants (e.g. phenytoin)



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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.