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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Hyponatraemia
Pseudohyponatraemia:
Hyperproteinaemia (e.g. multiple myeloma), hypertriglyceridaemia Hyperglycaemia
Artifactual: taking blood from the arm into which low sodium solution is infused
Hypervolaemic (oedematous) patients:
Cirrohsis, CCF, nephrotic syndrome, renal failure (urine Na+>20)
Hypovolaemic (dehydrated) patients:
Renal loss (urine Na+>20): Diuretics (thiazides), renal tubular acidosis, saltlosing
nephropathy, adrenal insufficiency
Extra-renal loss (urine Na+ <20): diarrhoea, vomiting, burns, pancreatitis< />pan>
Euvolaemic patients:
Hypothyroidism, adrenal insufficiency, SIADH


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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.