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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Reduced Consciousness
Hypoglycaemia
Hypoxia: cardiac arrest, shock (hypovolaemic, septic), respiratory failure
Infection: meningitis, encephalitis
Inflammation (demyelination)
Toxic: drugs e.g. opiates, alcohol, anxiolytics, antidepressants
Trauma (head injury)
Tumour (increased intracranial pressure)
Vascular: intracranial haemorrhage/infarction
Metabolic: liver failure, renal failure, electrolyte (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+)
disturbances, endocrinopathies e.g. myxoedema coma, vitamin deficiencies
(e.g. thiamine, B12), hypothermia
Hypoglycaemia
Hypoxia: cardiac arrest, shock (hypovolaemic, septic), respiratory failure
Infection: meningitis, encephalitis
Inflammation (demyelination)
Toxic: drugs e.g. opiates, alcohol, anxiolytics, antidepressants
Trauma (head injury)
Tumour (increased intracranial pressure)
Vascular: intracranial haemorrhage/infarction
Metabolic: liver failure, renal failure, electrolyte (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+)
disturbances, endocrinopathies e.g. myxoedema coma, vitamin deficiencies
(e.g. thiamine, B12), hypothermia
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