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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Renal Failure, Intrinsic or Parenchymal Causes
ABNORMALITIES OF THE VASCULATURE
• Renal arteries: atherosclerosis, thromboembolism, arteritis
• Renal veins: thrombosis
• Microvasculature: vasculitis, thrombotic microangiopathy
ABNORMALITIES OF GLOMERULI (ACUTE
GLOMERULONEPHRITIS)
• Anti–glomerular membrane disease (Goodpasture’s syndrome)
• Immune complex glomerulonephritis: SLE, postinfectious, idiopathic, membranoproliferative
ABNORMALITIES OF INTERSTITIUM (ACUTE
INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS)
• Drugs (e.g., antibiotics, NSAIDs, diuretics, anticonvulsants, allopurinol)
• Infectious pyelonephritis
• Infiltrative: lymphoma, leukemia, sarcoidosis
ABNORMALITIES OF TUBULES
• Physical obstruction (uric acid, oxalate, light chains)
• Acute tubular necrosis
• Ischemic
• Toxic (antibiotics, chemotherapy, immunosuppressives, radiocontrast dyes, heavy metals, myoglobin, hemolyzed RBCs)
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.