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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Renal Failure, Postrenal Causes
URETER AND RENAL PELVIS
• Intrinsic obstruction: blood clots; stones; sloughed papillae:
diabetes, sickle cell disease, analgesic nephropathy; inflammatory:
fungus ball
• Extrinsic obstruction: malignant neoplasm, retroperitoneal
fibrosis; iatrogenic: inadvertent ligation of ureters
BLADDER
• Prostatic hypertrophy or malignant neoplasm
• Neuropathic bladder
• Blood clots
• Bladder cancer
• Stones
URETHRAL
• Strictures
• Congenital valves
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.