​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Sinus Bradycardia

​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Sinus Bradycardia
• Acute myocardial ischemia and infarction
• Class I antiarrhythmic agents (e.g., procainamide), class III antiarrhythmic agents (amiodarone, sotalol), clonidine, lithium carbonate
• Degenerative processes (e.g., Lev’s disease, Lenègre’s disease): medications, b-blockers, some calcium channel blockers (diltiazem, verapamil), digoxin (when vagal tone is high)
• High vagal tone (e.g., athletes)
• Idiopathic
• Right or left circumflex coronary artery occlusion or spasm