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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Volume Depletion
• Gastrointestinal losses
• Lower: bleeding, diarrhea, enteric or pancreatic fistula, tubedrainage
• Renal losses
• Salt and water: diuretics, osmotic diuresis, postobstructive diuresis, acute tubular necrosis (recovery phase), salt-losing nephropathy, adrenal insufficiency, renal tubular acidosis
• Sequestration without external fluid loss: intestinal obstruction, peritonitis, pancreatitis, rhabdomyolysis, internal bleeding
• Skin and respiratory losses: sweat, burns, insensible losses
• Upper: bleeding, nasogastric suction, vomiting
• Water loss: diabetes insipidus
• Gastrointestinal losses
• Lower: bleeding, diarrhea, enteric or pancreatic fistula, tubedrainage
• Renal losses
• Salt and water: diuretics, osmotic diuresis, postobstructive diuresis, acute tubular necrosis (recovery phase), salt-losing nephropathy, adrenal insufficiency, renal tubular acidosis
• Sequestration without external fluid loss: intestinal obstruction, peritonitis, pancreatitis, rhabdomyolysis, internal bleeding
• Skin and respiratory losses: sweat, burns, insensible losses
• Upper: bleeding, nasogastric suction, vomiting
• Water loss: diabetes insipidus
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