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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Tumour markers, T
a-Fetoprotein: hepatoma, germ-cell tumour, pregnancy, hepatitis, cirrhosis,
open neural tube defects
CA 125: ovarian cancer, other malignancies (breast, endometrial, lung,
pancreas). Benign conditions (endometriosis, fibroids, pelvic inflammatory
disease, peritonitis, cirrhosis)
CA 15-3: breast cancer, benign breast disease
CA 19-9: pancreatic cancer, colorectal cancer, cholestasis
CEA: colorectal cancer, medullary thyroid carcinoma, cirrhosis, pancreatitis,
smoking
HCG: pregnancy, germ cell tumours, hydatidiform mole, choriocarcinoma PLAP: seminoma, smoking, pregnancy, ovarian carcinoma
PSA: prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatitis, digital rectal
examination, (PSA also Twith age and size of the gland)


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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Tricuspid regurgitation
Congenital: Ebstein's anomaly (malpositioned tricuspid valve), cleft tricuspid valve in ostium primum ASD
Infective endocarditis (common in IV drug users)
Rheumatic heart disease (associated with tricuspid stenosis or other vavular
disease)
Carcinoid syndrome, cirrhosis (long-standing), Drugs: fenfluramine,
methysergide, endomyocardial fibrosis (may be associated with
hypereosinophilia)
Functional: consequence of right ventricular dilatation (e.g. in pulmonary
hypertension, myocardial infarction), valve prolapse (e.g. in Marfan's
syndrome)
Iatrogenic: radiotherapy



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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Ulcers: mouth, genital, leg
Mouth
Trauma, aphthous ulcers
Gastrointestinal diseases: Crohn's disease, coeliac disease
Infection: herpes simplex, acute ulcerative stomatitis (Vincent's angina),
candidiasis TB, syphilis (rare)
Exclude: leukaemia, agranulocytosis
Inflammatory: Behc;et's disease, reactive arthritis, SLE
Skin diseases: pemphigus, pemphigoid, erythema multiforme, lichen planus Malignancy: squamous cell carcinoma
Other: Strachan's syndrome

Genital
Infection: Painful: herpes simplex, Haemophilus ducreyi (chancroid) Painless: Syphilis (Treponema pallidum), Lymphogranuloma venereum (Chlamydia trachomatis), Granuloma inguinale (Calymmatobacterium granulomatis)
Behc;et's disease
Crohn's disease
Reiter's syndrome
Erythroplasia of Queyrat, squamous cell carcinoma Trauma
Other genital rashes: fixed drug eruption, eczema, psoriasis, scabies

Orogenital
Infection: herpes simplex, syphilis
Inflammatory diseases: Behc;et's disease, Reiter's syndrome Skin diseases: pemphigus, erythema multiforme
GI: Crohn's disease
Other: Strachan's diseases

Leg
Venous: superficial venous insufficiency, DVT
Arterial: atherosclerosis
Diabetic: ischaemic and neuropathic
Vasculitis: rheumatoid arthritis, primary vasculities, e.g. polyarteritis nodosa Sickle cell anaemia
Pressure
Pyoderma gangrenosum
Malignancy


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Symptoms and Signs -Differential Diagnosis of Telangiectasia
Normal variant
Connective tissue diseases: scleroderma, SLE, dermatomyositis Genetic: hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia, ataxia telangiectasia Chronic liver disease (esp. alcoholic cirrhosis}
Pregnancy
Topical steroids (long-term}
Rosacea
Radiation dermatitis



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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Thyroid-binding globulin (TBG)
Raised Level
Genetic
Pregnancy
Drugs (oestrogen, opiates, phenothiazines}
Acute viral hepatitis, acute intermittent porphyria

Reduced Level
Genetic
Malnutrition
Chronic liver disease
Nephrotic syndrome
Drugs (e.g. androgens, corticosteroids}
Acromegaly



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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.