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Symptoms and Signs -Differential Diagnosis of Telangiectasia
Normal variant
Connective tissue diseases: scleroderma, SLE, dermatomyositis Genetic: hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia, ataxia telangiectasia Chronic liver disease (esp. alcoholic cirrhosis}
Pregnancy
Topical steroids (long-term}
Rosacea
Radiation dermatitis
Normal variant
Connective tissue diseases: scleroderma, SLE, dermatomyositis Genetic: hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia, ataxia telangiectasia Chronic liver disease (esp. alcoholic cirrhosis}
Pregnancy
Topical steroids (long-term}
Rosacea
Radiation dermatitis
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Symptoms and Signs -Differential Diagnosis of Target cells
Splenectomy
Haemoglobinopathies (sickle cell anaemia, thalassaemia, haemoglobin C disease} Iron deficiency
Liver disease
Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT} deficiency
Splenectomy
Haemoglobinopathies (sickle cell anaemia, thalassaemia, haemoglobin C disease} Iron deficiency
Liver disease
Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT} deficiency
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Sputum (purulent)
Upper respiratory source (acute sinusitis, rhinitis, bronchitis) Infection: pneumonia, TB, lung abscess
Bronchiectasis
Bronchopleural fistula
Upper respiratory source (acute sinusitis, rhinitis, bronchitis) Infection: pneumonia, TB, lung abscess
Bronchiectasis
Bronchopleural fistula
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Symptoms and Signs- Differential Diagnosis of ST segment
Depression
Myocardial ischaemia Myocardial infarction (posterior) Drugs (digoxin, quinidine) Ventricular hypertrophy
Elevation
Myocardial infarction (acute) Pericarditis
Prinzmetal angina
Left ventricular aneurysm
High take-off
Depression
Myocardial ischaemia Myocardial infarction (posterior) Drugs (digoxin, quinidine) Ventricular hypertrophy
Elevation
Myocardial infarction (acute) Pericarditis
Prinzmetal angina
Left ventricular aneurysm
High take-off
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Stature
Short stature
CGPD (constitutional growth and puberty delay), familial Syndromic: Turner's syndrome, achondroplasia, Prader-Willi
Psychosocial factors: child abuse, anorexia nervosa, emotional deprivation Endocrine factors:
Reduced Growth hormone: Hypopituitarism {e.g. pituitary tumour) Mutations: Pitl, PROP1, GHRH receptor
Cushing's syndrome and ii corticosteroids
Biologically inactive GH
GH resistance (GH-receptor mutation) Low levels of IGF1 {Laron dwarfism)
Reduced thyroid l hormones {hypothyroidism)
Nutritional factors
Systemic illness:
Gastrointestinal: malabsorption {coeliac disease, milk protein intolerance, inflammatory bowel disease)
Cardiovascular: congenital cyanotic heart disease Respiratory: cystic fibrosis
Renal: chronic renal failure
Short stature
CGPD (constitutional growth and puberty delay), familial Syndromic: Turner's syndrome, achondroplasia, Prader-Willi
Psychosocial factors: child abuse, anorexia nervosa, emotional deprivation Endocrine factors:
Reduced Growth hormone: Hypopituitarism {e.g. pituitary tumour) Mutations: Pitl, PROP1, GHRH receptor
Cushing's syndrome and ii corticosteroids
Biologically inactive GH
GH resistance (GH-receptor mutation) Low levels of IGF1 {Laron dwarfism)
Reduced thyroid l hormones {hypothyroidism)
Nutritional factors
Systemic illness:
Gastrointestinal: malabsorption {coeliac disease, milk protein intolerance, inflammatory bowel disease)
Cardiovascular: congenital cyanotic heart disease Respiratory: cystic fibrosis
Renal: chronic renal failure
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Tall stature
Familial
Syndromic {disproportionate):
Klinefelter's syndrome Marfan's syndrome Homocystinuria
Endocrine:
Excess GH {gigantism)
Excess thyroid hormones (thyrotoxicosis)
Excess sex steroids/precocious puberty {e.g. early phases of CAH, adrenal
tumours)
Familial
Syndromic {disproportionate):
Klinefelter's syndrome Marfan's syndrome Homocystinuria
Endocrine:
Excess GH {gigantism)
Excess thyroid hormones (thyrotoxicosis)
Excess sex steroids/precocious puberty {e.g. early phases of CAH, adrenal
tumours)
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Steatorrhoea
Small bowel disease/resection
Bacterial overgrowth {e.g. scleroderma, diverticulosis, autonomic neuropathy),
coeliac disease, Crohn's disease, ileocaecal TB, parasite infection {e.g. giardiasis, strongyloidiasis), intestinal lymphoma, radiation enteritis, Whipple's disease, tropical sprue
Small bowel disease/resection
Bacterial overgrowth {e.g. scleroderma, diverticulosis, autonomic neuropathy),
coeliac disease, Crohn's disease, ileocaecal TB, parasite infection {e.g. giardiasis, strongyloidiasis), intestinal lymphoma, radiation enteritis, Whipple's disease, tropical sprue
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Pancreatic insufficiency
Chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, cystic fibrosis
Chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, cystic fibrosis
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Stridor
Partial obstruction of upper airways lntraluminal:
Foreign body, tumour
Intramural:
Infection: epiglottitis, croup in children, respiratory papillomata (HPV warts on
the larynx), retropharyngeal abscess
Laryngeal oedema (anaphylaxis, smoke inhalation)
Laryngeal carcinoma
Cricoarytenoid rheumatoid arthritis
Tracheal stenosis (following surgery/intubation/tracheostomy)
Extramural: Goitre
Lymphadenopathy
Partial obstruction of upper airways lntraluminal:
Foreign body, tumour
Intramural:
Infection: epiglottitis, croup in children, respiratory papillomata (HPV warts on
the larynx), retropharyngeal abscess
Laryngeal oedema (anaphylaxis, smoke inhalation)
Laryngeal carcinoma
Cricoarytenoid rheumatoid arthritis
Tracheal stenosis (following surgery/intubation/tracheostomy)
Extramural: Goitre
Lymphadenopathy
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Teardrop cells
Thalassaemia
Bone marrow fibrosis
Thalassaemia
Bone marrow fibrosis
