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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Stature
Short stature
CGPD (constitutional growth and puberty delay), familial Syndromic: Turner's syndrome, achondroplasia, Prader-Willi
Psychosocial factors: child abuse, anorexia nervosa, emotional deprivation Endocrine factors:
Reduced Growth hormone: Hypopituitarism {e.g. pituitary tumour) Mutations: Pitl, PROP1, GHRH receptor
Cushing's syndrome and ii corticosteroids
Biologically inactive GH
GH resistance (GH-receptor mutation) Low levels of IGF1 {Laron dwarfism)
Reduced thyroid l hormones {hypothyroidism)
Nutritional factors
Systemic illness:
Gastrointestinal: malabsorption {coeliac disease, milk protein intolerance, inflammatory bowel disease)
Cardiovascular: congenital cyanotic heart disease Respiratory: cystic fibrosis
Renal: chronic renal failure


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Symptoms and Signs- Differential Diagnosis of ST segment
Depression
Myocardial ischaemia Myocardial infarction (posterior) Drugs (digoxin, quinidine) Ventricular hypertrophy

Elevation
Myocardial infarction (acute) Pericarditis
Prinzmetal angina
Left ventricular aneurysm
High take-off


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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Sore throat
Pharyngitis (viral)
Streptococcal tonsillitis
Infectious mononucleosis
Gonococcal pharyngitis
Diphtheria

With pharyngeal ulcers
Herpes simplex
Herpangina
Vincent's angina (fusospirochetal infection) Candidiasis



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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Skin necrosis
Warfarin, Protein CJS deficiency, DIC (e.g. meningococcal septicaemia) Vasculitis (Primary: Wegener's granulomatosis, cryoglobulinaemia; Secondary:
SLE, rheumatoid arthritis)
Peripheral vascular disease
Emboli: cholesterol, subacute bacterial endocarditis
Pyoderma gangrenosum
Panniculitis (e.g. idiopathic, pancreatitis)
Calciphylaxis (small-vessel vasculitis causing skin necrosis associated with
end-stage renal failure, j Ca2+ and phosphate)


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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Snoring
Obstructive sleep apnoea Airway narrowing:
Low-set thick soft palate, longer-than-normal uvula
Tongue falling backwards when sleeping supine
Enlarged tonsils, nasal blockage (e.g. allergies, deviated septum)
Increased Upper-airway soft-tissue laxity and muscle weakness
Increased Age, obesity, alcohol/tranquilizers


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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Spastic paraparesis
Cord compression (cervical spondylosis, disc prolapse, secondary tumour in spine, spinal cord tumour)
Multiple sclerosis
Motor neurone disease
Trauma, birth injury (cerebral palsy) Syringomyelia
Others
Vascular: anterior spinal artery thrombosis, venous sinus thrombosis, multiple cerebral infarctions
Infection: tranverse myelitis (post-infectious, e.g. Mycoplasma), HIV, HTLV-1 (tropical spastic paraparesis), syphilis
Tumours: parasigittal meningioma
Toxic/metabolic: 812 deficiency (subacute combined degeneration)
Congenital: hereditary spastic paraparesis, Friedreich's ataxia


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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Splenomegaly
Massive
Chronic myeloid leukaemia, myelofibrosis
Tropical infections: malaria, leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis, tropical splenomegaly Gaucher's disease
Moderate
Haematological (haemolytic anaemia, lymphoma, leukaemia, myeloproliferative disorders*)
Portal hypertension
Infection: infective endocarditis, infectious mononucleosis, tuberculosis,
brucellosis
Inflammatory/connective tissue diseases: rheumatoid arthritis, SLE, sarcoidosis,
Amyloidosis


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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.