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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of distribution of Sensory disturbance
Hemisensory loss (arm, trunk, leg) + ipsilateral facial sensory loss: Contralateral thalamic lesion
Hemisensory + contralateral facial sensory loss:
Contralateral brainstem (ipsilateral to the facial sensory loss)
Bilateral lower limbs and trunk {below a dermatomal sensory level): lPin prick/temperature sensation: bilateral spinothalamic tracts l}oint position/vibration sensation: bilateral dorsal columns
Hemisensory loss (leg and trunk below a dermatomal sensory level):
Reduced Pin prick/temperature sensation: contralateral spinothalamic tracts lloint Reduced position/vibration sensation: ipsilateral dorsal columns
Upper arms and trunk ('suspended sensory loss' for pin prick and temperature): Central spinal cord (e.g. syringomyelia)
Glove-and-stocking: Peripheral neuropathy Cervical myelopathy
Dermatomal Peripheral nerve


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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Seizures
Adults
Vascular: infarction, haemorrhage, cortical venous thrombosis, vascular
malformation
Trauma: head injury
Tumours
Toxic: alcohol, drugs, lead, carbon monoxide
Metabolic: hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, electrolyte disturbances {increased and reduced Na+, K+, Ca2+,Mg2+), renal/hepatic failure, endocrine disorders (hypopituitarism, myxoedema, hypo/hyperparathyroidism, Addison's disease, insulinoma), vitamin deficiency
Infection: meningitis, encephalitis, abscess, TB, cysticercosis, HIV Inflammation: MS, vasculitis, SLE, sarcoidosis
Degenerative disorders: Alzheimer's disease, prion disease
Very raised BP
Children
Congenital anomaly Tuberous sclerosis Metabolic storage diseases


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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Sensory disturbance, timing of onset
​Transient
Epilepsy
Migraine
TIA, stroke
CNS demyelination
Peripheral nerve or root entrapment Psychogenic

Persistent
Brain: space-occupying lesions (tumour, subdural haematoma, abscess) Spinal cord: cervical spondylosis, demyelination
Nerve root: spondylitic radiculopathy
Peripheral nerve: peripheral neuropathy e.g. diabetes mellitus (See
Polyneuropathy)


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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Shoulder pain
Overuse injuries, subluxation, fracture Adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder) Rotator cuff tendinitis
Subacromial bursitis
Rotator cuff tear
Bicipital tendinitis
Arthritis (septic, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout/pseudogout) Acute calcific tendinitis
Avascular necrosis
Referred pain:
Myocardial ischaemia (left shoulder pain)
Cervical disc herniation/spinal stenosis, nerve entrapment (long thoracic or
suprascapular nerve)
Diaphragmatic irritation (e.g. subphrenic abscess), hepatic capsule distension,
pulmonary tumour/infection/abscess



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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Rubeosis iris
Proliferative retinopathy (diabetes mellitus, sickle cell disease, retinal vein thrombosis)
Carotid artery disease including carotid-umour
Chronic retinal detachment



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Symptoms and Signs- Differential Diagnosis of Retinitis pigmentosa
Abetalipoproteinaemia
Laurence--Moon-Biedl
Refsum's disease
Friedreich's ataxia and other hereditary ataxias Familial neuropathies
Neuronal lipidoses (ceroid lipofuscinosis)


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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.