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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Facial swelling
Periorbital oedema
Nephrotic syndrome, hypoalbuminaemia
Infection: orbital/periorbital cellulitis, trichinosis (rare)
Hypo/hyperthyroidism
Dermatomyositis
Carotico-cavernous fistula, cavernous sinus thrombosis
Allergy to insect bites/drugs (including anaphylaxis), Cl inhibitor deficiency
Other causes of facial swelling/enlargement
Dental/sinus infection
Trauma, burns
Subcutaneous emphysema
SVC thrombosis
Cushing's syndrome, obesity
Periorbital oedema
Nephrotic syndrome, hypoalbuminaemia
Infection: orbital/periorbital cellulitis, trichinosis (rare)
Hypo/hyperthyroidism
Dermatomyositis
Carotico-cavernous fistula, cavernous sinus thrombosis
Allergy to insect bites/drugs (including anaphylaxis), Cl inhibitor deficiency
Other causes of facial swelling/enlargement
Dental/sinus infection
Trauma, burns
Subcutaneous emphysema
SVC thrombosis
Cushing's syndrome, obesity
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Faecal incontinence
Pelvic floor abnormality: accidental injury, e.g. pelvic fracture, anorectal surgery, obstetric-traumatic childbirth, rectal prolapse
Overflow
Neurological: epilepsy, spinal cord compression, stroke, multiple sclerosis, trauma and tumours (brain, spinal cord, cauda equina), peripheral neuropathy (e.g. diabetes), dementia, Parkinson's disease
Fever in traveller
Diarrhoea
Congenital: meningomyelocele, anorectal anomalies
Pelvic floor abnormality: accidental injury, e.g. pelvic fracture, anorectal surgery, obstetric-traumatic childbirth, rectal prolapse
Overflow
Neurological: epilepsy, spinal cord compression, stroke, multiple sclerosis, trauma and tumours (brain, spinal cord, cauda equina), peripheral neuropathy (e.g. diabetes), dementia, Parkinson's disease
Fever in traveller
Diarrhoea
Congenital: meningomyelocele, anorectal anomalies
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Fatigue
Malignancy
Inflammatory/connective tissue diseases
Infection
Heart failure
Endocrine/metabolic: diabetes mellitus, hypo/hyperthyroidism, Addison's disease, uraemia
Drugs, e.g. Beta -blockers
Depression
Chronic fatigue syndrome
Anaemia
Malignancy
Inflammatory/connective tissue diseases
Infection
Heart failure
Endocrine/metabolic: diabetes mellitus, hypo/hyperthyroidism, Addison's disease, uraemia
Drugs, e.g. Beta -blockers
Depression
Chronic fatigue syndrome
Anaemia
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Increased and Decreased Ferritin
Increase Ferritin
Still's disease
Sideroblastic anaemia
Repeated transfusions in thalassaemia, iron therapy
Haemochromatosis
Anaemia of chronic disease, chronic haemolysis
Acute phase response: infection, inflammation, malignancy
Decrease Ferritin
Iron deficiency
Increase Ferritin
Still's disease
Sideroblastic anaemia
Repeated transfusions in thalassaemia, iron therapy
Haemochromatosis
Anaemia of chronic disease, chronic haemolysis
Acute phase response: infection, inflammation, malignancy
Decrease Ferritin
Iron deficiency
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Facial nerve palsy
Unilateral
Vascular: brainstem infarction
Tumours: brainstem, cerebellopontine angle (acoustic neuroma), meningeal infiltration, parotid gland
Trauma or surgery of the face
Inflammation: sarcoidosis (meningeal inflammation), multiple sclerosis (demyelination in brainstem)
Infection (petrous bone): middle ear infection or herpes zoster
Bell's palsy (idiopathic)
Bilateral
Sarcoidosis
Myasthenia gravis
Muscular dystrophy
Motor nurone disease
Infections: Lyme disease, HIV
Guillain-Barre syndrome
Congenital facial diplegia
Unilateral
Vascular: brainstem infarction
Tumours: brainstem, cerebellopontine angle (acoustic neuroma), meningeal infiltration, parotid gland
Trauma or surgery of the face
Inflammation: sarcoidosis (meningeal inflammation), multiple sclerosis (demyelination in brainstem)
Infection (petrous bone): middle ear infection or herpes zoster
Bell's palsy (idiopathic)
Bilateral
Sarcoidosis
Myasthenia gravis
Muscular dystrophy
Motor nurone disease
Infections: Lyme disease, HIV
Guillain-Barre syndrome
Congenital facial diplegia
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Surgical Emphysema
Gas gangrene
Obstructive lung disease, e.g. asthma
Oesophageal injury
Positive pressure ventilation
Trauma, surgery, chest drain insertion
Gas gangrene
Obstructive lung disease, e.g. asthma
Oesophageal injury
Positive pressure ventilation
Trauma, surgery, chest drain insertion
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of ECG changes
Axis deviation (left and right)
Bundle branch block (left and right)
Low voltage complexes: obesity, COPD, pleural effusion, myxoedema
P wave (absent and tall)
ST segment (elevation and depression)
Tachycardia
U wave
Axis deviation (left and right)
Bundle branch block (left and right)
Low voltage complexes: obesity, COPD, pleural effusion, myxoedema
P wave (absent and tall)
ST segment (elevation and depression)
Tachycardia
U wave
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Surgical Emphysema
Gas gangrene
Obstructive lung disease, e.g. asthma
Oesophageal injury
Positive pressure ventilation
Trauma, surgery, chest drain insertion
Gas gangrene
Obstructive lung disease, e.g. asthma
Oesophageal injury
Positive pressure ventilation
Trauma, surgery, chest drain insertion
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Dysgeusia
Chronic nasal blockage
Old age
Facial nerve palsy
Drugs/toxins: metronidazole, ACE inhibitors, anti-thyroid drugs, Lithium,
clarythromicin, heavy metals (e.g. lead poisoning)
Dental procedures
Rare:
Malignancy, bone marrow transplantation, GI (GORD, irritable bowel disease,
cirrhosis)
Nutritional: Zn/8 12 deficiency
Haemodialysis
HIV
Hypothyroidism
Depression
Chronic nasal blockage
Old age
Facial nerve palsy
Drugs/toxins: metronidazole, ACE inhibitors, anti-thyroid drugs, Lithium,
clarythromicin, heavy metals (e.g. lead poisoning)
Dental procedures
Rare:
Malignancy, bone marrow transplantation, GI (GORD, irritable bowel disease,
cirrhosis)
Nutritional: Zn/8 12 deficiency
Haemodialysis
HIV
Hypothyroidism
Depression
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis 0f Dupuytren's contracture
Familial
Increased Frequency among alcoholics and diabetics
Familial
Increased Frequency among alcoholics and diabetics
