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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Dizziness
Faintness: anaemia, blackouts
Imbalance
Vertigo
Faintness: anaemia, blackouts
Imbalance
Vertigo
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Dry eyes
Corneal epitheliopathy: trigeminal dysfunction, contact lens use
Drugs: antihistamines, antidepressants, 13-blockers, contraceptive pills, diuretics
radiation), reduced Mucin layer (reduced vitamin A, burns, circatricial pemphigoid)
Reduced Eyelid closure: facial nerve palsy, Graves' disease, prolonged reading
Reduced Tear production: reduced Lipid layer (blepharitis), reduced Aqueous layer (involvement of lacrimal glands: Sjogren's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, SLE, surgery,
Corneal epitheliopathy: trigeminal dysfunction, contact lens use
Drugs: antihistamines, antidepressants, 13-blockers, contraceptive pills, diuretics
radiation), reduced Mucin layer (reduced vitamin A, burns, circatricial pemphigoid)
Reduced Eyelid closure: facial nerve palsy, Graves' disease, prolonged reading
Reduced Tear production: reduced Lipid layer (blepharitis), reduced Aqueous layer (involvement of lacrimal glands: Sjogren's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, SLE, surgery,
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Symptoms and Signs - Dullness at the lung base
Basal collapse
Pleural effusion
Pleural thickening (old TB, empyema, mesothelioma)
Raised hemidiaphragm (hepatomegaly, phrenic nerve palsy)
Basal collapse
Pleural effusion
Pleural thickening (old TB, empyema, mesothelioma)
Raised hemidiaphragm (hepatomegaly, phrenic nerve palsy)
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis 0f Dupuytren's contracture
Familial
Increased Frequency among alcoholics and diabetics
Familial
Increased Frequency among alcoholics and diabetics
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Dysgeusia
Chronic nasal blockage
Old age
Facial nerve palsy
Drugs/toxins: metronidazole, ACE inhibitors, anti-thyroid drugs, Lithium,
clarythromicin, heavy metals (e.g. lead poisoning)
Dental procedures
Rare:
Malignancy, bone marrow transplantation, GI (GORD, irritable bowel disease,
cirrhosis)
Nutritional: Zn/8 12 deficiency
Haemodialysis
HIV
Hypothyroidism
Depression
Chronic nasal blockage
Old age
Facial nerve palsy
Drugs/toxins: metronidazole, ACE inhibitors, anti-thyroid drugs, Lithium,
clarythromicin, heavy metals (e.g. lead poisoning)
Dental procedures
Rare:
Malignancy, bone marrow transplantation, GI (GORD, irritable bowel disease,
cirrhosis)
Nutritional: Zn/8 12 deficiency
Haemodialysis
HIV
Hypothyroidism
Depression
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Dysgeusia
Chronic nasal blockage
Old age
Facial nerve palsy
Drugs/toxins: metronidazole, ACE inhibitors, anti-thyroid drugs, Lithium,
clarythromicin, heavy metals (e.g. lead poisoning)
Dental procedures
Rare:
Malignancy, bone marrow transplantation, GI (GORD, irritable bowel disease,
cirrhosis)
Nutritional: Zn/8 12 deficiency
Haemodialysis
HIV
Hypothyroidism
Depression
Chronic nasal blockage
Old age
Facial nerve palsy
Drugs/toxins: metronidazole, ACE inhibitors, anti-thyroid drugs, Lithium,
clarythromicin, heavy metals (e.g. lead poisoning)
Dental procedures
Rare:
Malignancy, bone marrow transplantation, GI (GORD, irritable bowel disease,
cirrhosis)
Nutritional: Zn/8 12 deficiency
Haemodialysis
HIV
Hypothyroidism
Depression
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Ear ache
External ear
Boil, furuncle
Inclusion dermoid
Malignancy (e.g. squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma)
Otitis externa
Trauma/subperichondral haematoma
Middle ear
Foreign body
Mastoiditis
Otitis media
Referred
Teeth
Temporomandibular joint
Tongue (tumour of the posterior third)
Tonsillitis, pharyngitis
Neurological
Herpes zoster
Glossopharyngeal neuralgia
External ear
Boil, furuncle
Inclusion dermoid
Malignancy (e.g. squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma)
Otitis externa
Trauma/subperichondral haematoma
Middle ear
Foreign body
Mastoiditis
Otitis media
Referred
Teeth
Temporomandibular joint
Tongue (tumour of the posterior third)
Tonsillitis, pharyngitis
Neurological
Herpes zoster
Glossopharyngeal neuralgia
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Dysuria
Prostatitis
Urethritis: chlamydia!, gonococcal, others: Trichomonas vagina/is, Candida albicans
Urinary tract infection: cystitis, urethritis, acute pyelonephritis (uncommon cause of dysuria)
Vaginitis: Candida albicans, Trichomonas vagina/is, bacterial vaginosis
Interstitial cystitis
Female urethral syndrome
Prostatitis
Urethritis: chlamydia!, gonococcal, others: Trichomonas vagina/is, Candida albicans
Urinary tract infection: cystitis, urethritis, acute pyelonephritis (uncommon cause of dysuria)
Vaginitis: Candida albicans, Trichomonas vagina/is, bacterial vaginosis
Interstitial cystitis
Female urethral syndrome
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Dyspareunia
Superficial
Psychological
syndrome, scleroderma), childbirth, episiotomy, surgery
Vagina: infection, atrophic vaginitis (post-menopausal), dryness (Sjogren's
Vulva: infection, dermatological disease, dysplasias
Deep
Endometriosis
Pelvic infection (chronic)
Pelvic mass
Irritable bowel syndrome
Superficial
Psychological
syndrome, scleroderma), childbirth, episiotomy, surgery
Vagina: infection, atrophic vaginitis (post-menopausal), dryness (Sjogren's
Vulva: infection, dermatological disease, dysplasias
Deep
Endometriosis
Pelvic infection (chronic)
Pelvic mass
Irritable bowel syndrome
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Dysmenorrhoea
Primary
No organic cause found
Secondary
Fibroids
Adenomyosis
Endometriosis
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Ovarian tumours
Primary
No organic cause found
Secondary
Fibroids
Adenomyosis
Endometriosis
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Ovarian tumours
