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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Reduced Consciousness
Hypoglycaemia
Hypoxia: cardiac arrest, shock (hypovolaemic, septic), respiratory failure
Infection: meningitis, encephalitis
Inflammation (demyelination)
Toxic: drugs e.g. opiates, alcohol, anxiolytics, antidepressants
Trauma (head injury)
Tumour (increased  intracranial pressure)
Vascular: intracranial haemorrhage/infarction
Metabolic: liver failure, renal failure, electrolyte (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+)
disturbances, endocrinopathies e.g. myxoedema coma, vitamin deficiencies
(e.g. thiamine, B12), hypothermia
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of  Complement deficiency
Congenital e.g. C1 esterase (C1 inhibitor) deficiency (normal C3, reduced C4)
Acquired
Reduced C3 and C4:
SLE, mixed cryoglobulinaemia
Subacute bacterial endocarditis
Serum sickness
Increased Loss/reduced synthesis: malnutrition, nephrotic syndrome, burns, liver failure
Reduced C3
Mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis, partial lipodystrophy
Gram -ve (endotoxic) shock
Increased C3 and/or C4
Acute phase response
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of  Clubbing
Congenital
Acquired

Cardiovascular
Atrial myxoma
Congenital cyanotic heart disease
Infective endocarditis

Respiratory
Cancer: bronchial, mesothelioma
Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (rare)
Fibrosis (e.g. cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis)
Suppurative lung disease (abscess, bronchiectasis, empyema)

Gastrointestinal
aneurysm, brachia! AV malformations
Cirrhosis
GI lymphoma, malabsorption e.g. coeliac disease
Inflammatory bowel disease
Others: Thyroid acropachy (thyrotoxicosis), unilateral clubbing: axillary artery
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Raised Creatine Kinase
polymyositis, defibrillation
Myxoedema
Myocardial infarction, myocarditis
Muscular dystrophy
Muscle damage: surgery, trauma, burns, IM injections, rhabdomyolysis, rigorous
Medications: statins, azathioprine, alcohol
exercise, seizures, haematoma, bowel ischaemia, dermatomyositis/
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Chest pain
Cardiac large vessels: angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, pericarditis, aortic
dissection, rupture of thoracic aortic aneurysm, bleeding into an atheroma
Respiratory: pulmonary embolism, pneumothorax, pneumonia, connective tissue
diseases (e.g. SLE)
Gastrointestinal: reflux oesophagitis, oesophageal spasm, hiatus hernia, peptic
ulcer, pancreatitis
Musculoskeletal: Teitze's syndrome (costochondritis), fractured rib, Bornholm's
disease (Coxackie B virus infection, rare)
Neurological: herpes zoster, nerve root compression
Pleuritic chest pain
Pulmonary embolism
Pneumothorax
Pneumonia
Pericarditis
Connective tissue disease
Malignancy involving pleura, pathology under the diaphragm
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.