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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Abdominal Pain 
Central abdominal (periumbilical)
Colonic cancer (splenic flexure)
Gastrointestinal: intestinal obstruction, early appendicitis, gastroenteritis
Herpes zoster
Medical causes, e.g. diabetic ketoacidosis, uraemia
Pain from adjacent areas, e.g. epigastric, iliac fossae
Pain from adjacent areas: See epigastric (e.g. pancreatitis, peptic ulcer}, Left iliac Fossa pain , loin pain, cardiadpulmonary/pleural pathology, e.g. Ml, pericarditis, pneumonia, empyema, pulmonary infarction
Splenic rupture, splenic infarction (e.g. sickle cell disease), splenomegaly
Subphrenic abscess
Vascular: abdominal aortic aneurysm (leaking, ruptured), mesenteric ischaemia (thrombosis, embolism, vasculitis, e.g. polyarteritis nodosa)
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Medical causes of Abdominal Pain 
CVS/Respiratory: Ml, pneumonia, Bornholm's disease (Coxsackie B virus infection,rare)
Haematological: sickle cell crisis, retroperitoneal haemorrhage (e.g. anticoagulants), lymphadenopathy
Infections: intestinal parasites, tuberculosis, malaria, typhoid fever
Inflammatory: vasculitis (e.g. Henoch-Sch6nlein purpura, polyarteritis nodosa), familial Mediterranean fever
Irritable bowel syndrome
Metabolic: diabetic ketoacidosis, Addisonian crisis, hypercalcaemia, uraemia, porphyria, phaeochromocytoma, lead poisoning
Neurological: Herpes zoster, tabes dorsalis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Groin pain
Diffuse abdominal pain
Gastroenteritis
Hernia (inguinal)
Hip pathology
Inflammatory bowel disease
Intestinal obstruction
Irritable bowel syndrome
Medical causes (see below)
Mesenteric ischaemia
Pelvic fractures
Peritonitis
Renal stones (pain radiating from loin to groin)
Testicular pain, e.g. torsion, epididymo-orchitis (pain radiating from scrotum to groin)
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of  Acanthocytosis
Abetalipoproteinaemia (associated with retinitis pigmentosa, neurological deficits)
Anorexia
Artifact (blood collected in EDTA tube)
Chorea-acanthocytosis syndrome
Chronic renal failure
Hyposplenism
Hypothyroidism
Liver failure
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Abdominal distension
Faeces
Fat (obesity}
Fetus
Flatus (intestinal obstruction such as Small bowel: adhesions, herniae, intussusception, Crohn's disease, gallstone ileus, foreign body, tumour, tuberculosis. Large bowel: cancer, volvulus, diverticulitis, faeces )
Fluid (ascites, fluid in the obstructed intestine)
Giant organomegaly (e.g. an ovarian cystadenoma, lymphoma)
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Xerostomia
MEDICATIONS
• Tricyclic antidepressants: amitriptyline, doxepin
• Antihistamines: diphenhydramine, chlorpheniramine, promethazine, and many cold and decongestant preparations
• Anticholinergic agents: antiemetics such as scopolamine, antispasmodic agents such as oxybutynin chloride
DEHYDRATION
• Debility
• Fever
POLYURIA
• Alcohol intake
• Arrhythmia
• Diabetes
PREVIOUS HEAD AND NECK IRRADIATION
SYSTEMIC DISEASES
• Sjögren’s syndrome
• Sarcoidosis
• Amyloidosis
• HIV infection
• Graft-versus-host disease
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.