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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Thromboangiitis Obliterans
• Acrocyanosis
• Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome
• Autoimmune disorders
• Cannabis arteritis
• Carpal tunnel syndrome
• CREST (calcinosis cutis, Raynaud’s phenomenon, esophageal motility disorder, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia) syndrome
• Diabetes mellitus
• Ergotamine intoxication
• Hypothenar hammer syndrome
• Limb ischemia resulting from emboli or atherosclerotic occlusive disease
• Peripheral neuropathy
• Polyarteritis nodosa
• Raynaud’s phenomenon
• Repetitive vibratory equipment use
• Systemic lupus erythematosus
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Thrombocytopenia
INCREASED DESTRUCTION
Immunologic
• Drugs: quinine, quinidine, digitalis, procainamide, thiazide diuretics, sulfonamides, phenytoin, aspirin, penicillin, heparin, gold, meprobamate, sulfa drugs, phenylbutazone, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), methyldopa, cimetidine, furosemide, isoniazid (INH), cephalosporins, chlorpropamide, organic arsenicals, chloroquine, platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors, ranitidine, indomethacin, carboplatin, ticlopidine, clopidogrel
• Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
• Transfusion reaction: transfusion of platelets with plasminogen activator (PLA) in recipients without PLA-1
• Fetal/maternal incompatibility
• Collagen-vascular diseases (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus [SLE])
• Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
• Lymphoreticular disorders (e.g., chronic lymphocytic leukemia [CLL])
Nonimmunologic
• Prosthetic heart valves
• Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)
• Sepsis
• Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
• Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS)
• Giant cavernous hemangioma
DECREASED PRODUCTION
• Abnormal marrow
• Marrow infiltration (e.g., leukemia, lymphoma, fibrosis)
• Marrow suppression (e.g., chemotherapy, alcohol, irradiation)
• Hereditary disorders
• Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome: X-linked disorder characterized by
thrombocytopenia, eczema, and repeated infections
• May-Hegglin anomaly: increased megakaryocytes but
ineffective thrombopoiesis
• Vitamin deficiencies (e.g., vitamin B12, folic acid)
HYPERSPLENISM; SPLENIC SEQUESTRATION;
DILUTIONAL, AS A RESULT OF MASSIVE TRANSFUSION
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Thrombocytopenia, Inherited Disorders
• Amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia
• Bernard-Soulier carrier/Mediterranean
• Bernard-Soulier syndrome
• Epstein syndrome
• Familial dominant thrombocytopenia
• Familial platelet disorder–AML
• Fechtner syndrome
• Macrothrombocytopenia
• May-Hegglin anomaly
• MYH9-related thrombocytopenia
• Paris-Trousseau thrombocytopenia
• Sebastian syndrome
• Thrombocytopenia absent radii
• Thrombocytopenia and radioulnar synostosis
• Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
• X-linked macrothrombocytopenia
• X-linked thrombocytopenia
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Thrombocytosis
• After splenectomy
• Cell-mediated lympholysis (CML)
• Cirrhosis
• Hemophilia
• Idiopathic
• Infections
• Iron deficiency
• Myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia
• Neoplasms (GI tract)
• Pancreatitis
• Polycythemia vera
• Post hemorrhage
• Postpartum
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Thrombocytopenia, in Pregnancy
• Abruptio placentae
• Amniotic fluid embolism
• Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) secondary to
• Endometritis
• Hemolytic-uremic syndrome
• Incidental thrombocytopenia of pregnancy (gestational thrombocytopenia)
• Peripartum/postpartum thrombotic microangiopathy
• Preeclampsia/eclampsia
• Preeclampsia/eclampsia*
• Retained fetus
• Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Testicular Failure
PRIMARY
• Klinefelter’s syndrome (XXY)
• XYY
• Vanishing testes syndrome (in utero or early postnatal torsion)
• Noonan’s syndrome
• Varicocele
• Myotonic dystrophy
• Orchitis (mumps, gonorrhea)
• Cryptorchidism
• Chemical exposure
• Irradiation to testes
• Spinal cord injury
• Polyglandular failure
• Idiopathic oligospermia or azoospermia
• Germinal cell aplasia (Sertoli cell–only syndrome)
• Idiopathic testicular failure
• Testicular torsion
• Testicular trauma
• Diethylstilbestrol (maternal use during pregnancy resulting in estrogen exposure in utero)
• Testicular tumor with subsequent radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or surgery (retroperitoneal lymph node dissection or orchiectomy)
SECONDARY
• Delayed puberty
• Kallmann’s syndrome
• Isolated gonadotropin deficiency
• Prader-Labhart-Willi syndrome
• Lawrence-Moon-Biedl syndrome
• CNS irradiation
• Prepubertal panhypopituitarism
• Postpubertal panhypopituitarism
• Hypogonadism secondary to hyperprolactinemia
• Adrenogenital syndrome
• Chronic liver disease
• Chronic renal failure/uremia
• Hemochromatosis
• Cushing’s syndrome
• Malnutrition
• Massive obesity
• Sickle cell anemia
• Hyperthyroidism/hypothyroidism
• Anabolic steroid use
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Tendinopathy
INTRINSIC FACTORS
Anatomic Factors
• Malalignment
• Muscle weakness or imbalance
• Muscle inflexibility
• Decreased vascularity
Systemic Factors
• Inflammatory conditions (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus
[SLE])
• Pregnancy
• Quinolone-induced tendinopathy
Age-Related Factors
• Tendon degeneration
• Increased tendon stiffness
• Tendon calcification
• Decreased vascularity
EXTRINSIC FACTORS
Repetitive Mechanical Load
• Excessive duration
• Excessive frequency
• Excessive intensity
• Poor technique
• Workplace factors
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.