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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Testicular Failure
PRIMARY
• Klinefelter’s syndrome (XXY)
• XYY
• Vanishing testes syndrome (in utero or early postnatal torsion)
• Noonan’s syndrome
• Varicocele
• Myotonic dystrophy
• Orchitis (mumps, gonorrhea)
• Cryptorchidism
• Chemical exposure
• Irradiation to testes
• Spinal cord injury
• Polyglandular failure
• Idiopathic oligospermia or azoospermia
• Germinal cell aplasia (Sertoli cell–only syndrome)
• Idiopathic testicular failure
• Testicular torsion
• Testicular trauma
• Diethylstilbestrol (maternal use during pregnancy resulting in estrogen exposure in utero)
• Testicular tumor with subsequent radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or surgery (retroperitoneal lymph node dissection or orchiectomy)
SECONDARY
• Delayed puberty
• Kallmann’s syndrome
• Isolated gonadotropin deficiency
• Prader-Labhart-Willi syndrome
• Lawrence-Moon-Biedl syndrome
• CNS irradiation
• Prepubertal panhypopituitarism
• Postpubertal panhypopituitarism
• Hypogonadism secondary to hyperprolactinemia
• Adrenogenital syndrome
• Chronic liver disease
• Chronic renal failure/uremia
• Hemochromatosis
• Cushing’s syndrome
• Malnutrition
• Massive obesity
• Sickle cell anemia
• Hyperthyroidism/hypothyroidism
• Anabolic steroid use
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Testicular Size Variations
SMALL TESTES
• Normal variant
• Hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction
• Gonadotropin deficiency
• Growth hormone deficiency
• Primary hypogonadism
• Autoimmune destruction, chemotherapy, cryptorchidism, irradiation, Klinefelter’s syndrome, orchiditis, testicular regression syndrome, torsion, trauma
LARGE TESTES
• Adrenal rest tissue
• Compensatory
• Fragile X syndrome
• Idiopathic
• Tumor
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Tetanus
• Acute abdomen
• Black widow spider bite
• Dental abscess
• Dislocated mandible
• Dystonic reaction
• Encephalitis
• Head trauma
• Hyperventilation syndrome
• Hypocalcemia
• Meningitis
• Peritonsillar abscess
• Progressive fluctuating muscular rigidity (stiff-man syndrome)
• Psychogenic
• Rabies
• Sepsis
• Status epilepticus
• Strychnine poisoning
• Subarachnoid hemorrhage
• Temporomandibular joint syndrome
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Sturge-Weber Syndrome
• Klippel-Trénaunay-Weber syndrome (extensive capillary angiomas associated with dysplastic veins involving the limbs and trunk, often with hypertrophy of the affected extremity)
• von Hippel–Lindau disease (associated with capillary retinal angiomas, in contrast to cavernous angiomas seen in SWS)
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.