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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Stroke
• Drug overdose or intoxication
• Hyperventilation
• Hypoglycemia
• Hysterical conversion reaction
• Metabolic encephalopathy
• Migraine
• Seizures
• Syncope
• Transient global amnesia
• Vestibular vertigo
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Stroke, Pediatric Age
CARDIAC DISEASE
• Congenital: aortic stenosis, mitral stenosis, mitral prolapse, ventricular septal defects, patent ductus arteriosus, cyanotic congenital heart disease involving right-to-left shunt
• Acquired: endocarditis (bacterial, systemic lupus erythematosus [SLE]), Kawasaki’s disease, cardiomyopathy, atrial myxoma, arrhythmia, paradoxical emboli through patent foramen ovale, rheumatic fever, prosthetic heart valve
HEMATOLOGIC ABNORMALITIES
• Hemoglobinopathies: sickle cell disease
• Polycythemia
• Leukemia/lymphoma
• Thrombocytopenia
• Thrombocytosis
• Disorders of coagulation: protein C deficiency, protein S deficiency, factor V Leiden, antithrombin III deficiency, lupus anticoagulant, oral contraceptive pill use, pregnancy and the postpartum state, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (thrombosis)
INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS
• Meningitis: viral, bacterial, tuberculosis
• Systemic infection: viremia, bacteremia, local head and neck
infections
• Drug-induced inflammation: amphetamine, cocaine
AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE
• SLE
• Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA)
• Takayasu’s arteritis
• Mixed connective tissue disease
• Polyarteritis nodosum
• Primary CNS vasculitis
• Sarcoidosis
• Behçet’s syndrome
• Wegener’s granulomatosis
METABOLIC DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH STROKE
• Homocystinuria
• Pseudoxanthoma elasticum
• Fabry’s disease
• Sulfite oxidase deficiency
• Mitochondrial disorders: mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke (MELAS); Leigh syndrome
• Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency
INTRACEREBRAL VASCULAR PROCESSES
• Ruptured aneurysm
• Arteriovenous malformation
• Fibromuscular dysplasia
• Moyamoya disease
• Migraine headache
• Post subarachnoid hemorrhage vasospasm
• Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
• Sturge-Weber syndrome
• Carotid artery dissection
• Post varicella
TRAUMA AND OTHER EXTERNAL CAUSES
• Child abuse
• Head trauma/neck trauma
• Oral trauma
• Placental embolism
• Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) therapy
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Stroke, Young Adult, Causes
• Arterial dissection
• Cardiac factors (atrial septal defect [ASD], mitral valve prolapse [MVP], patent foramen ovale [PFO])
• Drugs (cocaine, heroin, oral contraceptives, decongestants)
• Hematologic factors (disseminated intravascular coagulation [DIC], thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura [TTP]; deficiency of protein S, protein C, antithrombin III)
• Infections (endocarditis, neurosyphilis)
• Inflammatory factors (systemic lupus erythematosus [SLE], polyarteritis nodosa)
• Migraine
• Others: premature atherosclerosis, fibromuscular dysplasia
• Postpartum angiopathy
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Sturge-Weber Syndrome
• Klippel-Trénaunay-Weber syndrome (extensive capillary angiomas associated with dysplastic veins involving the limbs and trunk, often with hypertrophy of the affected extremity)
• von Hippel–Lindau disease (associated with capillary retinal angiomas, in contrast to cavernous angiomas seen in SWS)
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
• Headache associated with sexual activity (e.g., coital/postcoital headache; usually acute onset of severe headache around time of orgasm)
• Intraparenchymal hemorrhage
• Meningoencephalitis (e.g., hemorrhagic meningoencephalitis caused by herpes simplex virus [HSV])
• Subarachnoid extension of an extracranial arterial dissection or intracerebral hemorrhage
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Sudden Death, Pediatric Age
SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME (SIDS) AND SIDS
“MIMICS”
• SIDS
• Long QT syndromes
• Inborn errors of metabolism
• Child abuse
• Myocarditis
• Duct-dependent congenital heart disease
CORRECTED OR UNCORRECTED CONGENITAL HEART
DISEASE
• Aortic stenosis
• Tetralogy of Fallot
• Transposition of great vessels (postoperative atrial switch)
• Mitral valve prolapse
• Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
• Eisenmenger’s syndrome
CORONARY ARTERIAL DISEASE
• Anomalous origin
• Anomalous tract
• Kawasaki’s disease
• Periarteritis
• Arterial dissection
• Marfan syndrome
• Myocardial infarction
MYOCARDIAL DISEASE
• Myocarditis
• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
• Dilated cardiomyopathy
• Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
CONDUCTION SYSTEM ABNORMALITY/ARRHYTHMIA
• Long QT syndromes
• Proarrhythmic drugs
• Preexcitation syndromes
• Heart block
• Commotio cordis
• Idiopathic ventricular fibrillation
• Heart tumor
MISCELLANEOUS
• Pulmonary hypertension
• Pulmonary embolism
• Heat stroke
• Cocaine
• Anorexia nervosa
• Electrolyte disturbances
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Tall Stature
CONSTITUTIONAL (FAMILIAL OR GENETIC)
Most common cause
ENDOCRINE CAUSES
• Growth hormone excess: gigantism
• Sexual precocity (tall as children, short as adults): true sexual
precocity, pseudosexual precocity
• Androgen deficiency: Klinefelter’s syndrome, bilateral anorchism
GENETIC CAUSES
• Klinefelter’s syndrome
• Syndromes of XYY, XXYY
MISCELLANEOUS SYNDROMES AND DISORDERS
• Cerebral gigantism or Sotos syndrome: prominent forehead, hypertelorism, high arched palate, dolichocephaly, mental retardation, large hands and feet, and premature eruption of teeth; large at birth, with most rapid growth in first 4 years of life
• Marfan syndrome: disorder of mesodermal tissues, subluxation of the lenses, arachnodactyly, aortic aneurysm
• Homocystinuria: same phenotype as Marfan syndrome
• Obesity: tall as infants, children, and adolescents
• Total lipodystrophy: large hands and feet, generalized loss of subcutaneous fat, insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus, hepatomegaly
• Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome: neonatal tallness, omphalocele, macroglossia, neonatal hypoglycemia
• Weaver-Smith syndrome: excessive intrauterine growth, mental
retardation, megalocephaly, widened bifrontal diameter, hypertelorism, large ears, micrognathia, camptodactyly, broad thumbs, limited extension of elbows and knees
• Marshall-Smith syndrome: excessive intrauterine growth, mental retardation, blue sclerae, failure to thrive, early death
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.