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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Stomatitis, Blistery Lesions
• Behçet’s syndrome (aphthous ulcers, uveitis, genital ulcerations, arthritis, and aseptic meningitis)
• Erythema multiforme
• Hand-foot-mouth disease: caused by coxsackievirus group A
• Herpangina: caused by echovirus
• Pemphigus and pemphigoid
• Perlèche (or angular cheilitis)
• Primary herpetic gingivostomatitis
• Primary syphilis
• Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (canker sores)
• Reiter’s syndrome (conjunctivitis, urethritis, and arthritis with occasional oral ulcerations)
• Traumatic ulcer
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Stomatitis, Dark Lesions (Brown, Blue, Black)
• Coated tongue: accumulation of keratin; harmless condition that can be treated by scraping
• Melanotic lesions: freckles, lentigines, lentigo, melanoma, Peutz- Jeghers syndrome, Addison’s disease
• Varices
• Kaposi’s sarcoma: red or purple macules that enlarge to form tumors; seen in patients with AIDS
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Stomatitis, White Lesions
• Brain and CNS dysfunction
• Candidiasis (thrush)
• Chemical injury: white sloughing mucosa
• CNS tumors
• Darier’s disease (keratosis follicularis): white papules on the gingivae, alveolar mucosa, and dorsal tongue; skin lesions also present (erythematous papules); inherited as an autosomal dominant trait
• Discoid lupus erythematosus: lesion resembles lichen planus
• Hairy leukoplakia: shaggy white surface that cannot be wiped off; seen in HIV infection, caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) Strabismus
• Leukoedema: filmy opalescent-appearing mucosa, which can be reverted to normal appearance by stretching. This condition is benign.
• Leukoplakia: white lesions that cannot be scraped off; 20% are premalignant epithelial dysplasia or squamous cell carcinoma
• Lichen planus: linear, reticular, slightly raised striae on buccal mucosa; skin is involved by pruritic violaceous papules on forearms and inner thighs
• Nicotine stomatitis: whitened palate with red papules
• Orbital tumors
• Refractive errors
• White sponge nevus: thick, white corrugated folds involving the buccal mucosa; appears in childhood as an autosomal dominant trait; benign condition
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Stomatitis, Red Lesions
• Allergy
• Anemia: atrophic reddened glossal mucosa seen with pernicious anemia
• Benign migratory glossitis (geographic tongue): area of atrophic depapillated mucosa surrounded by a keratotic border; benign lesion, no treatment required
• Burning tongue (glossopyrosis): normal examination; sometimes associated with denture trauma, anemia, diabetes, vitamin B12 deficiency, psychogenic problems
• Candidiasis may present with red instead of the more frequent white lesion (see Stomatitis, White Lesions). Median rhomboid glossitis is a chronic variant.
• Erythroplakia: red patch usually caused by epithelial dysplasia or squamous cell carcinoma
• Hemangiomas
• Histoplasmosis: ill-defined irregular patch with a granulomatous surface, sometimes ulcerated
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Steatohepatitis
• Abetalipoproteinemia
• Alcohol abuse
• Diabetes mellitus
• Jejunoileal bypass
• Medications (high-dose estrogen, amiodarone, corticosteroids, methotrexate, nifedipine)
• Obesity
• Parenteral nutrition
• Wilson’s disease, Weber-Christian disease
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.