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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Sleep Apnea
EXCESSIVE DAYTIME SOMNOLENCE
• Inadequate sleep time
• Pulmonary disease
• Parkinsonism
• Sleep-related epilepsy
• Narcolepsy
• Hypothyroidism
SLEEP FRAGMENTATION
• Sleep-related asthma
• Sleep-related gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
• Periodic limb movement disorder
• Parasomnias
• Psychophysiologic insomnia
• Panic disorder
• Narcolepsy
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Anorectal Region
ULCERATIVE
• Lymphogranuloma venereum
• Herpes simplex virus
• Early (primary) syphilis
• Chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi)
• Cytomegalovirus
• Idiopathic (usually HIV positive)
NONULCERATIVE
• Condyloma acuminatum
• Gonorrhea
• Chlamydia (C. trachomatis)
• Syphilis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Shigellosis
• Bacterial gastroenteritis
• Dysentery caused by Entamoeba histolytica
• Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
• Pseudomembranous colitis
• Viral gastroenteritis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Shoulder Pain
WITH LOCAL FINDINGS IN SHOULDER
• Trauma: contusion, fracture, muscle strain, trauma to spinal cord
• Arthrosis, arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis
• Bursitis, synovitis, tendinitis, tenosynovitis
• Aseptic (avascular) necrosis
• Local infection: septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, abscess, herpes zoster, TB
WITHOUT LOCAL FINDINGS IN SHOULDER
• Cardiovascular disorders: ischemic heart disease, pericarditis, aortic aneurysm
• Subdiaphragmatic abscess, liver abscess
• Cholelithiasis, cholecystitis
• Pulmonary lesions: apical bronchial carcinoma, pleurisy, pneumothorax, pneumonia
• GI lesions: peptic ulcer disease (PUD), gastric neoplasm, peptic esophagitis
• Pancreatic lesions: carcinoma, calculi, pancreatitis
• CNS abnormalities: neoplasm, vascular abnormalities
• Multiple sclerosis (MS)
• Syringomyelia
• Polymyositis/dermatomyositis
• Psychogenic
• Polymyalgia rheumatica
• Ectopic pregnancy
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Shoulder Pain by Location
TOP OF SHOULDER (C4)
• Cervical source
• Acromioclavicular
• Sternoclavicular
• Diaphragmatic
SUPEROLATERAL (C5)
• Rotator cuff tendinitis
• Impingement
• Adhesive capsulitis
• Glenohumeral arthritis
ANTERIOR
• Bicipital tendinitis and rupture
• Glenoid labral tear
• Adhesive capsulitis
• Glenohumeral arthritis
• Osteonecrosis
AXILLARY
• Neoplasm (Pancoast’s, mediastinal)
• Herpes zoster
Sialadenitis
• Salivary gland neoplasm
• Ductal stricture
• Sialolithiasis
• Decreased salivary secretion secondary to medications (e.g., amitriptyline, diphenhydramine, anticholinergics)
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Sialolithiasis
• Dental abscess
• Lymphadenitis
• Noninfectious salivary gland inflammation (e.g., Sjögren’s syndrome, sarcoidosis, lymphoma)
• Salivary duct stricture
• Salivary gland bacterial (staphylococcus or streptococcus), viral (mumps), or fungal infection (sialadenitis)
• Salivary gland tumor
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Silicosis
• Granulomatous pulmonary vasculitis
• Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
• Interstitial lung disease
• Langerhans cell granulomatosis (histiocytosis X)
• Lung cancer
• Other pneumoconiosis, berylliosis, hard metal disease, asbestosis
• Sarcoidosis
• Tuberculosis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Small Intestine Ulceration
• Celiac disease
• Drugs (salicylates, potassium, indomethacin, antimetabolites)
• Infections (Campylobacter, TB, Yersinia, parasites, typhoid, cytomegalovirus [CMV], Clostridium)
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Lymphocytic enterocolitis
• Meckel’s diverticulum
• Mesenteric insufficiency
• Neoplasms
• Radiation therapy
• Stomal ulceration
• Uremia
• Vasculitis, SLE, Behçet’s syndrome
• Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Small Bowel Obstruction
INTRINSIC
• Congenital (atresia, stenosis)
• Inflammatory (Crohn’s disease, irradiation enteritis)
• Neoplasms (metastatic or primary)
• Intussusception
• Traumatic (hematoma)
EXTRINSIC
• Hernias (internal and external)
• Adhesions
• Volvulus
• Compressing masses (tumors, abscesses, hematomas)
INTRALUMINAL
• Foreign body
• Gallstones
• Bezoars
• Barium
• Ascaris infestation
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.