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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Mediastinal Masses or Widening on Chest Radiograph
• Achalasia
• Carcinoma: lungs, esophagus
• Esophageal diverticula
• Hiatal hernia
• Lymphoma: Hodgkin’s disease and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
• Prominent pulmonary outflow tract: pulmonary hypertension,
• Sarcoidosis
• Vascular: aortic aneurysm, ectasia or tortuosity of aorta or otherthoracic vessels
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism, right-to-left shunts
• Leukemias
• Lymphadenopathy caused by silicosis and other pneumoconioses
• Pneumomediastinum
• Trauma: mediastinal hemorrhage
• Infections: TB, viral (rare), Mycoplasma (rare), fungal, tularemia
• Substernal thyroid
• Thymoma
• Teratoma
• Bronchogenic cyst
• Pericardial cyst
• Neurofibroma, neurosarcoma, ganglioneuroma
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Acute Mediastinitis
• Cardiothoracic surgery (median sternotomy) (e.g., CABG, valve replacement, other types of cardiothoracic surgery)
• Esophageal perforation
• Esophagogastroduodenoscopy, esophageal dilation, esophagealvariceal sclerotherapy, nasogastric tube, Sengstaken-Blakemore tube, endotracheal intubation, esophageal surgery, paraesophageal surgery, transesophageal echocardiography, anterior stabilization of cervical vertebral bodies
• Head and neck infections (e.g., tonsillitis, pharyngitis, parotitis, epiglottitis, odontogenic)
• Iatrogenic
• Infections originating at another site (e.g., TB; pneumonia; pancreatitis; osteomyelitis of sternum, clavicle, ribs)
• Spontaneous perforation (e.g., emesis, carcinoma)
• Swallowed foreign bodies
• Trauma
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Meigs’ Syndrome
• Abdominal-ovarian malignant disease
• Amyloidosis
• Ascites
• Fallopian tube: hydrosalpinx, granulomatous salpingitis,
• Gynecologic disorders
• Hypoproteinemia
• Inferior vena cava (IVC) obstruction
• Neoplasm
• Nongynecologic causes of pelvic mass
• Ovarian hyperstimulation
• Ovary: benign, serous, mucinous, endometrioid, clear cell, Brenner tumor, granulosa, stromal, dysgerminoma, fibroma, metastatic tumor
• Pancreatitis
• Pleural effusion
• Portal vein obstruction
• TB
• Thoracic duct obstruction
• Uterus: endometrial tumor, sarcoma, leiomyoma (“pseudo-Meigs’ syndrome”)
fallopian tube malignant neoplasm
• Congestive heart failure (CHF)
• Malignant disease
• Collagen-vascular disease
• Pancreatitis
• Cirrhosis
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​Symptoms and Signs- Differential Diagnosis of Lymphocytopenia
• Steroids
• Neurologic disorders (multiple sclerosis [MS], myasthenia gravis, Guillain-Barré syndrome)
• Neoplasms
• Hyperadrenalism
• HIV infection
• Bone marrow suppression from chemotherapeutic agents or chemotherapy
• Aplastic anemia
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis - Lymphocytosis
• Ulcerative colitis
• Infectious mononucleosis and other viral infections
• Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
• Hypoadrenalism
• Hodgkin’s disease
• Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
• Chronic infections
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.