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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
• The symptoms and signs of IIH are essentially those of raised intracranial pressure (ICP), and the differential diagnosis includes any condition that may be associated with raised ICP. Here we consider only those disease processes in which elevated ICP occurs in the context of normal CSF analysis and normal MRI. (Of note, venous sinus thrombosis [VST] is on this list despite associated MRI findings. VST should be excluded in all individuals with suspected IIH.)
• Medications: vitamin A and retinoids, steroids (both use and withdrawal), oral contraceptives
• Autoimmune disorders: systemic lupus erythematosus, Behçet’s disease
• Vascular disease: venous sinus thrombosis
• Other conditions: hypertension, CHF, pregnancy, obesity, uremia, obstructive sleep apnea
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
• Occupational exposures (e.g., asbestos, silica)
• Other idiopathic interstitial pneumonias: desquamative interstitial pneumonia, interstitial lung disease, acute interstitial pneumonia, nonspecific interstitial pneumonia, cryptogenic organizing pneumonia, bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia
• Sarcoidosis and connective tissue disease
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of IgA Nephropathy
• Henoch-Schönlein purpura
• Hereditary nephritis
• Lupus nephritis
• Poststreptococcal nephritis
• Secondary causes associated with IgA nephropathy
• Thin glomerular basement membrane disease
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Right Sided Iliac Fossa Pain 
• Acute appendicitis
• Acute inflammation of Meckel’s diverticulum
• Acute salpingitis (pelvic inflammatory disease)
• Cecal carcinoma
• Crohn’s disease of the terminal ileum
• Ectopic pregnancy
• Endometriosis
• Inflammatory cecal lesion (e.g., diverticulitis in a solitary cecal diverticulum)
• Inflammatory lesion of the terminal ileum (e.g., foreign body perforation)
• Mesenteric adenitis
• Nonspecific right iliac fossa pain
• Rupture/torsion or hemorrhage of an ovarian cyst
• Ruptured ovarian follicle (mittelschmerz)
• Terminal ileitis
• Urinary tract infection
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura
• Congenital thrombocytopenias (e.g., Fanconi’s syndrome, May- Hegglin anomaly, Bernard-Soulier syndrome)
• Drug induced (e.g., heparin, quinidine, sulfonamides)
• Falsely low platelet count (resulting from ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid [EDTA]–dependent or cold dependent agglutinins)
• Hypersplenism resulting from liver disease
• Myelodysplastic and lymphoproliferative disorders
• Pregnancy, hypothyroidism
• Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS)
• Viral infections (e.g., HIV infection, mononucleosis, rubella)
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Impetigo
• Acute allergic contact dermatitis
• Chickenpox
• Ecthyma
• Eczema
• Folliculitis
• Herpes simplex infection
• Insect bites
• Pemphigus vulgaris and bullous pemphigoid
• Scabies
• Tinea corporis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Impotence
• Endocrine: hyperprolactinemia, diabetes mellitus (DM), Cushing’s syndrome, hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, abnormality of hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis
• Medications
• Neurogenic: autonomic or sensory neuropathy, spinal cord trauma or tumor, cerebrovascular accident (CVA), multiple sclerosis (MS), temporal lobe epilepsy
• Peyronie’s disease
• Prostatectomy
• Psychogenic
• Systemic illness: renal failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cirrhosis of liver, myotonic dystrophy
• Vascular: arterial insufficiency, venous leakage, arteriovenous (AV) malformation, local trauma
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Persistent Hyperventilation
• Sepsis
• Salicylate intoxication
• Psychogenic (e.g., anxiety)
• Metabolic acidosis (e.g., diabetes, uremia)
• Hepatic coma
• Fibrotic lung disease
• Fever
• CNS disorders (midbrain and pontine lesions)
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of  Serum Hyperviscosity 
• Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
• Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
• Polycythemia
• Monoclonal gammopathies (Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia, multiple myeloma)
• Leukemia
• Hyperfibrinogenemia
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.