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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Fecal  Incontinence 
NORMAL SPHINCTER
• Diarrhea
• Anorectal conditions
• Rectal carcinoma
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Hemorrhoids
• Mucosal prolapse
• Fissure in ano
• Abnormal rectal sensation
ABNORMAL SPHINCTER
• Congenital abnormalities
• Anal sepsis
• Neurologic conditions
• Rectal prolapse
• Sphincter trauma
NEUROGENIC (IDIOPATHIC) INCONTINENCE
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of  Female  Infertility 
• Amenorrhea, anovulation
• Congenital absence of vagina
• Congenital anomalies
• Destroyed endocervical glands (after surgery or infection)
• Diabetes mellitus (DM)
• Endometriosis
• Imperforate hymen
• Intrauterine synechiae (Asherman’s syndrome)
• Leiomyomas, polyps
• Minor anovulatory disturbances
• Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) or puerperal infection
• Secondary to past peritonitis of nongenital origin
• Severe nutritional disturbances
• Sperm-agglutinating antibodies
• Sperm-immobilizing antibodies
• Thyroid disorders
• Uterine anomalies
• Vaginismus
• Vaginitis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of  Male Infertility 
• Abnormal sperm motion
• Abnormal viscosity
• Abnormal volume
• Congenital absence of vas deferens
• Cryptorchidism
• Ductal obstruction
• Ejaculatory disturbances
• Ejaculatory duct (post infection)
• Endocrine disorders
• Epididymal (post infection)
• Hypospadias
• Infection
• Post vasectomy
• Sexual problems (e.g., impotence), medical or psychological
• Sperm-agglutinating antibodies
• Sperm-immobilizing antibodies
• Stress, smoking, caffeine, nicotine, recreational drugs
• Testicular failure
• Varicocele
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Influenza
• Adenovirus infection
• Parainfluenza virus infection
• Respiratory syncytial virus
• Secondary bacterial pneumonia or mixed bacterial-viral pneumonia
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Insomnia
• Anxiety disorder, psychophysiologic insomnia
• Depression
• Drugs (e.g., caffeine, amphetamines, cocaine), hypnotic-dependent sleep disorder
• Inadequate sleep hygiene
• Medical illness (e.g., gastroesophageal reflux disease [GERD], sleep-related asthma, parkinsonism, and movement disorders)
• Narcolepsy
• Obstructive sleep apnea
• Other: periodic leg movement of sleep, central sleep apnea, rapid eye movement (REM) behavioral disorder
• Pain, fibromyalgia
• Restless leg syndrome
• Sleep bruxism
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of   Insulinoma (Differential Diagnosis of Fasting
Hypoglycemia)
• Addison’s disease
• Alcohol abuse
• Autoantibodies to insulin receptor or insulin
• Endocrine hypofunction
• Exogenous agents
• Functional fasting hypoglycemia
• Glycogen storage diseases
• Hepatic enzyme deficiencies or decreased hepatic glucose output (primarily in infants and children)
• Hyperinsulinism
• Hypopituitarism
• Insulin
• Insulinoma
• Liver failure
• Malnutrition
• Nonpancreatic tumors
• Other drugs (aspirin, pentamidine)
• Severe congestive heart failure
• Severe renal insufficiency in non–insulin-dependent diabetes
• Sulfonylureas, biguanides
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Interstitial Cystitis
• Benign prostatic hyperplasia
• Chronic nonbacterial prostatitis
• Chronic pelvic pain
• Endometriosis
• Frequent vaginitis
• Overactive bladder
• Pelvic adhesions
• Recurrent urinary tract infection
• Urethral pain syndrome
• Vulvar vestibulitis
• Vulvodynia
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of  Intestinal Pseudo-obstruction
• Amyloidosis
• Chronic renal failure
• Diabetes mellitus (DM)
• Drug toxicity caused by anticholinergics, opiate narcotics
• Hollow visceral myopathy: familial, sporadic
• Hypokalemia
• Muscular dystrophy
• Myxedema
• Neuropathic: abnormal myenteric plexus, normal myenteric plexus
• Ogilvie’s syndrome
• Scleroderma
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Intracranial Lesion
• Abscess
• Angioma
• Artifact
• Granuloma
• Herpes encephalitis
• Intracranial hemorrhage
• Multiple sclerosis (MS) (initial single lesion)
• Stroke
• Tumor (primary or metastatic)
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.