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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Hepatic Coma
• Cerebral anoxia
• Cerebrovascular accident (CVA), subdural hematoma
• Delirium secondary to medications or illicit drugs
• Hypercalcemia
• Hypoglycemia
• Meningitis, encephalitis
• Metastatic neoplasm to brain
• Uremia
• Alcohol withdrawal syndrome
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Hemoperitoneum
• Ectopic pregnancy
• Ruptured aneurysm
• Ruptured bladder
• Ruptured graafian follicle
• Ruptured spleen
• Traumatic laceration of bowel, pancreas, uterus
• Traumatic laceration of liver
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Hemoptysis
• Abscess
• Arteriovenous (AV) fistula
• Bronchiectasis
• Bronchitis
• Cystic fibrosis (CF), bullous emphysema
• Drugs: aspirin, anticoagulants, penicillamine
• Epistaxis, trauma
• Erosion of aortic aneurysm
• Fungal infections (aspergillosis, coccidioidomycosis)
• Goodpasture’s syndrome
• Hematologic disorders (clotting abnormalities, disseminated intravascular coagulation [DIC], thrombocytopenia)
• Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis
• Infection
• Laryngeal bleeding (laryngitis, laryngeal neoplasm)
• Left ventricular (LV) failure
• Mediastinal fibrosis
• Mitral stenosis
• Neoplasm (primary or metastatic)
• Parasitic infections (amebiasis, ascariasis, paragonimiasis)
• Pneumonia: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Legionella pneumophila
• Pulmonary arteriovenous (AV) fistula
• Pulmonary embolism/infarction
• Pulmonary hypertension
• Pulmonary sequestration
• Severe hypertension
• Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
• TB
• Trauma (needle biopsy, foreign body, right-sided heart catheterization, prolonged and severe cough)
• Vasculitis: Wegener’s granulomatosis, Churg-Strauss syndrome, Henoch-Schönlein purpura
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Hemolysis, Intravascular
• Cold agglutinins
• Exertional hemolysis (e.g., prolonged march)
• Infections
• Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
• Osmotic and chemical agents
• Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH)
• Thermal injury
• Valve hemolysis
• Venoms (snakes, spiders)
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of  Mechanical Hemolysis 
• Aortic stenosis
• Diabetes
• Glomerulonephritis
• Malignant hypertension
• Metastatic adenocarcinoma
• Prosthetic heart valves
• Renal cortical necrosis
• Renal transplants
• Renal vasculitis
• Scleroderma
• Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS)
• Traumatic exercise
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome (HUS)
• Disseminated intravascular coagulation
• Malignant hypertension
• Prosthetic valve hemolysis
• The differential is vast, including all causes of bloody and nonbloody diarrhea, because the GI symptoms usually precede the triad of HUS.
• Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
• Vasculitis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Hemolysis and Hemoglobinuria
• Brown recluse spider bite
• Drugs (penicillins, quinidine, methyldopa, sulfonamides, nitrofurantoin)
• Erythrocyte enzyme deficiencies (e.g., exposure to fava beans in patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase [G6PD] deficiency)
• Erythrocyte trauma (prosthetic cardiac valves, marching and severe trauma, extensive burns)
• Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS)
• Incompatible blood transfusions
• Infections (malaria, Bartonella, Clostridium welchii)
• Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH)
• Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.