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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Hemiparesis/Hemiplegia
• Acute fatty liver of pregnancy
• Cerebral neoplasm
• Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
• CNS infection
• Congenital disorders
• Epidural hematoma
• Hypoglycemia
• Leukodystrophies
• Metabolic (hyperosmolar state, electrolyte imbalance)
• Migraine
• Multiple sclerosis (MS) or other demyelinating disorder
• Psychiatric disorders
• Subdural hematoma
• Todd’s paralysis
• Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
• Vasculitis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of  Hematuria
• Calculi: renal, ureteral, bladder, urethra
• Congenital anomalies: hemangiomas, aneurysms, arteriovenous malformation (AVM)
• Cysts: simple cysts, polycystic disease
• Infections: glomerulonephritis, TB, cystitis, prostatitis, urethritis, Schistosoma haematobium, yellow fever, blackwater fever
• Inflammatory processes: Goodpasture’s syndrome, periarteritis,
• Sickle cell disease and other hematologic disturbances: hemophilia, thrombocytopenia, anticoagulants
• Somewhere else: bleeding genitals, factitious (drug addicts)
• Surgery: invasive procedures, prostatic resection, cystoscopy
• Toxins: turpentine, phenols, sulfonamides and other antibiotics, cyclophosphamide, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
• Trauma: blow to kidney, insertion of Foley catheter or foreign body in urethra, prolonged and severe exercise, very rapid emptying of overdistended bladder
• Tumor: hypernephroma, Wilms’ tumor, papillary carcinoma of the bladder, prostatic and urethral neoplasms
post irradiation
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Hematuria, Cause by Age and Sex
0–20 YEARS
• Acute urinary tract infection (UTI)
• Acute glomerulonephritis
• Congenital urinary tract anomalies with obstruction
• Trauma to genitals
20–40 YEARS
• Acute UTI
• Trauma to genitals
• Urolithiasis
• Bladder cancer
40–60 YEARS (WOMEN)
• Acute UTI
• Bladder cancer
• Urolithiasis
40–60 YEARS (MEN)
• Acute UTI
• Bladder cancer
• Urolithiasis
60 YEARS AND OLDER (WOMEN)
• Acute UTI
• Bladder cancer
• Vaginal trauma or irritation
• Urolithiasis
60 YEARS AND OLDER (MEN)
• Acute UTI
• Benign prostatic hyperplasia
• Bladder cancer
• Urolithiasis
• Trauma
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis  of Hematemesis
Causes of hematemesis:
• Aortoenteric fistula
• Carcinoma of esophagus or stomach
• Esophageal varices
• Gastric or duodenal ulcer or erosions
• Mallory-Weiss tear (a laceration at the gastroesophageal junction)
• Ulcerated gastrointestinal stromal tumor
• Ulcerative esophagitis
• Vascular malformations
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of  HELLP Syndrome
• Appendicitis
• Gallbladder disease
• Peptic ulcer
• Enteritis
• Hepatitis
• Pyelonephritis
• Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
• Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
• Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS)
• Acute fatty liver of pregnancy
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis  of Hemarthrosis
• Anticoagulant therapy
• Bleeding disorders (e.g., von Willebrand disease)
• Charcot’s joint
• Idiopathic
• Other: pigmented villonodular synovitis, hemangioma, synovioma,
• Thrombocytopenia, thrombocytosis
• Trauma
arteriovenous (AV) fistula, ruptured aneurysm
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Migraine Headache 
• Subarachnoid hemorrhage
• Cluster headache
• Chronic daily headaches (including drug rebound headaches)
• Arteriovenous malformation
• Vasculitis
• Intracranial mass lesion
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential diagnosis of Tension Type  Headache 
• Cervical spine disease
• Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (found more often in obese women of childbearing age; may have papilledema, visual loss, or diplopia)
• Intracranial mass (may present with focal neurologic signs, seizures, or headache awakening patient from sleep)
• Migraine 
• Migraine and tension-type headache may often coexist and may be difficult to differentiate (suggest headache calendar).
• Rebound headache from overuse of analgesics
• Secondary headache (e.g., temporomandibular joint syndrome, thyrotoxicosis, polycythemia, drug side effects)
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.