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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Acute Hearing Loss
• Conductive: cerumen impaction, foreign bodies, otitis media, otitis externa, barotrauma, trauma
• Infectious: mumps, measles, influenza, herpes simplex, herpes zoster, cytomegalovirus (CMV), mononucleosis, syphilis
• Medications: aminoglycosides, loop diuretics, antineoplastics, salicylates, vancomycin
• Metabolic: diabetes, pregnancy, hyperlipoproteinemia
• Neoplasm: acoustic neuroma, metastatic neoplasm
• Vascular: macroglobulinemia, sickle cell disease, Berger’s disease, leukemia, polycythemia, fat emboli, hypercoagulable states
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Heartburn and Indigestion
• Excessive intestinal gas (ingestion of flatulogenic foods, GI stasis, constipation)
• Functional GI disorder (anxiety disorder, social/environmental stresses)
• Gallbladder disease
• Gas entrapment (hepatitis or splenic flexure syndrome)
• Gastritis
• Neoplasm (adenocarcinoma of stomach or esophagus, lymphoma)
• Nonulcer dyspepsia
• Reflux esophagitis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Heat Illness
• Infections (meningitis, encephalitis, sepsis)
• Head trauma
• Epilepsy
• Thyroid storm
• Acute cocaine intoxication
• Malignant hyperthermia
• Heat exhaustion can be differentiated from heat stroke by the following:
• Essentially intact mental function and lack of significant fever in heat exhaustion
• Mild or absent increases in creatine kinase (CK), aspartate transaminase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in heat exhaustion
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Heel Pain
• Achilles tendinitis/tendinopathy (insertional, noninsertional)
• Calcaneal stress fracture
• Cellulitis
• Fat pad atrophy
• Haglund deformity
• Neuropathy (tarsal tunnel, posterior tibial nerve [medial calcaneal branch], abductor digiti quinti)
• Paget’s disease of bone
• Plantar fasciopathy
• Primary or metastatic bone tumor
• Puncture wound, foreign body
• Retrocalcaneal bursitis (superficial, deep)
• S1 radiculopathy
• Soft tissue tumor
• Spondyloarthropathy
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Plantar Heel Pain 
SKIN
• Keratoses
• Verruca
• Ulcer
• Fissure
FAT
• Atrophy
• Panniculitis
DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
• Inflammatory fasciitis
• Fibromatosis
• Enthesopathy
• Bursitis
BONE (CALCANEUS)
• Stress fracture
• Paget’s disease
• Benign bone cyst/tumor
• Malignant bone tumor
• Metabolic bone disease (osteopenia)
NERVE
• Tarsal tunnel
• Plantar nerve entrapment
• S1 nerve root radiculopathy
• Painful peripheral neuropathy
INFECTION
• Dermatomycoses
• Acute osteomyelitis
• Plantar abscess
MISCELLANEOUS
• Foreign body
• Nonunion calcaneus fracture
• Psychogenic
• Idiopathic
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Acute Headache 
• Bone, soft tissue: referred pain from scalp, eyes, ears, sinuses, nose, teeth, pharynx, cervical spine, temporomandibular joint
• Decreased ICP: after ventriculoperitoneal shunt, lumbar puncture, cerebrospinal fluid leak from basilar skull fracture
• First migraine
• Increased intracranial pressure (ICP): trauma, hemorrhage, tumor, hydrocephalus, pseudotumor cerebri, abscess, arachnoid cyst, cerebral edema
• Infection: systemic infection, encephalitis, sinusitis, others
• Meningeal inflammation: meningitis, leukemia, subarachnoid or subdural hemorrhage
• Vascular: vasculitis, arteriovenous malformation, hypertension, cerebrovascular accident
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Headache and Facial Pain
VASCULAR HEADACHES
• Migraine
• Migraine with headaches and inconspicuous neurologic features
Migraine without aura (“common migraine”)
• Migraine with headaches and conspicuous neurologic features With transient neurologic symptoms: migraine with typical aura (“classic migraine”), sensory, basilar, and
hemiplegic migraine With prolonged or permanent neurologic features
(“complicated migraine”): ophthalmoplegic migraine, migrainous infarction
• Migraine without headaches but with conspicuous neurologic features (“migraine equivalents”)
Abdominal migraine
Benign paroxysmal vertigo of childhood
• Migraine aura without headache (“isolated auras,” transient
migrainous accompaniments)
• Cluster headaches
• Episodic cluster headache (“cyclic cluster headaches”)
• Chronic cluster headaches
• Chronic paroxysmal hemicrania
• Other vascular headaches
• Headaches of reactive vasodilation (fever, drug induced,
postictal, hypoglycemia, hypoxia, hypercapnia,
hyperthyroidism)
• Headaches associated with arterial hypertension Chronic severe hypertension (diastolic >120 mm Hg)
Paroxysmal severe hypertension (pheochromocytoma, some coital headaches)
• Headaches caused by cranial arteritis
Giant cell arteritis (“temporal arteritis”)
Other vasculitides
HEADACHES ASSOCIATED WITH DEMONSTRABLE
MUSCLE SPASM
• Headache caused by posturally induced or paralesional muscle spasm
• Headaches of sustained or impaired posture (e.g., prolonged close work, driving)
• Headaches associated with cervical spondylosis and other diseases of cervical spine
• Myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome (headache or facial pain associated with disorders of teeth, jaws, and related structures, or “temporomandibular joint [TMJ] syndrome”)
• Headaches caused by psychophysiologic muscle contraction (“muscle contraction headaches,” or tension type of headache associated with disorder of pericranial muscles)
HEADACHES AND FACIAL PAIN WITHOUT DEMONSTRABLE PHYSICAL SUBSTRATE
• Headaches of uncertain etiology: “tension headaches” (tension type of headache unassociated with disorder of pericranial muscles)
• Some forms of post-traumatic headache
• Psychogenic headaches (e.g., hypochondriacal, conversional, delusional, malingering)
• Facial pain of uncertain etiology (“atypical facial pain”)
COMBINED TENSION-MIGRAINE HEADACHES
• Episodic migraine superimposed on chronic tension headaches
• Chronic daily headaches: associated with analgesic or ergotamine overuse (“rebound headaches”)
• Not associated with drug overuse
HEADACHES AND HEAD PAINS CAUSED BY DISEASES OF EYES, EARS, NOSE, SINUSES, TEETH, OR SKULL HEADACHES CAUSED BY MENINGEAL INFLAMMATION
• Subarachnoid hemorrhage
• Meningitis and meningoencephalitis
• Others (e.g., meningeal carcinomatosis)
HEADACHES ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERED INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE (“TRACTION HEADACHES”)
Increased Intracranial Pressure
• Intracranial mass lesions (e.g., neoplasm, hematoma, abscess)
• Hydrocephalus
• Benign intracranial hypertension
• Venous sinus thrombosis
Decreased Intracranial Pressure
• Post–lumbar puncture headaches
• Spontaneous hypoliquorrheic headaches
HEADACHES AND HEAD PAINS CAUSED BY CRANIAL NEURALGIAS
Presumed Irritation of Superficial Nerves
• Occipital neuralgia
• Supraorbital neuralgia
Presumed Irritation of Intracranial Nerves
• Trigeminal neuralgia (“tic douloureux”)
• Glossopharyngeal neuralgia
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of  Granuloma Annulare
• Tinea corporis
• Sarcoidosis
• Rheumatoid nodules
• Papular granuloma annulare can simulate insect bites, secondary syphilis, xanthoma.
• Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum
• Lichen planus
• Late secondary or tertiary syphilis
• Arcuate and annular plaques of mycosis fungoides
• Annular elastolytic giant cell granuloma
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.