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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Granulomatous Dermatitides
• Sarcoidosis
• Rheumatoid nodules
• Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum
• Granuloma annulare
• Foreign body granuloma
• Cutaneous Crohn’s disease
• Annular elastolytic giant cell granuloma (actinic granuloma)
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Granulomatous Disorders
INFECTIONS
Fungi
• Histoplasma
• Coccidioides
• Blastomyces
• Sporothrix
• Aspergillus
• Cryptococcus
Protozoa
• Toxoplasma
• Leishmania
Metazoa
• Toxocara
• Schistosoma
Spirochetes
• Treponema pallidum
• Treponema pertenue
• Treponema carateum
Mycobacteria
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• Mycobacterium leprae
• Mycobacterium kansasii
• Mycobacterium marinum
• Mycobacterium avium
• Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine
Bacteria
• Brucella
• Yersinia
Other Infections
Cat-scratch disease
• Lymphogranuloma

NEOPLASIA
• Carcinoma
• Reticulosis
• Pinealoma
• Dysgerminoma
• Seminoma
• Reticulum cell sarcoma
• Malignant nasal granuloma

CHEMICALS
• Beryllium
• Zirconium
• Silica
• Starch
• Immunologic aberrations
• Sarcoidosis
• Crohn’s disease
• Primary biliary cirrhosis
• Wegener’s granulomatosis
• Giant cell arteritis
• Peyronie’s disease
• Hypogammaglobulinemia
• Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
• Lymphomatoid granulomatosis
• Histiocytosis X
• Hepatic granulomatous disease
• Immune complex disease
• Rosenthal-Melkersson syndrome
• Churg-Strauss allergic granulomatosis
LEUKOCYTE OXIDASE DEFECT
• Chronic granulomatous disease of childhood

EXTRINSIC ALLERGIC ALVEOLITIS
• Farmer’s lung
• Bird fancier’s lung
• Mushroom worker’s lung
• Suberosis (cork dust)
• Bagassosis
• Maple bark stripper’s lung
• Paprika splitter’s lung
• Coffee bean dust
• Spatlese lung

OTHER DISORDERS
• Whipple’s disease
• Pyrexia of unknown origin
• Radiotherapy
• Cancer chemotherapy
• Panniculitis
• Chalazion
• Sebaceous cyst
• Dermoid
• Sea urchin spine injury
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Granulomatous Liver Disease
• Allergic granulomatosis
• Drugs (e.g., allopurinol, hydralazine, sulfonamides, penicillins)
• Erythema nodosum
• Hodgkin’s disease
• Infections (fungal, viral, parasitic)
• Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
• Lymphoma
• Primary biliary cirrhosis
• Sarcoidosis
• Toxins (copper sulfate, beryllium)
• Vasculitis
• Wegener’s granulomatosis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Graves’ Disease
• Anxiety disorder
• Premenopausal state
• Thyroiditis
• Other causes of hyperthyroidism (e.g., toxic multinodular goiter,
toxic adenoma)
• Other: metastatic neoplasm, diabetes mellitus (DM),
pheochromocytoma
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Groin Lump
• Encysted hydrocele of the cord (male)
• Femoral artery aneurysm/pseudoaneurysm
• Femoral hernia
• Hydrocele of canal of Nuck (female)
• Inguinal hernia
• Lipoma of the cord
• Lymph node
• Psoas abscess
• Saphena varix
• Testicular maldescent (male)
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Groin Pain, Active Patient
MUSCULOSKELETAL
• Avascular necrosis of the femoral head
• Avulsion fracture (lesser trochanter, anterior superior iliac spine,
anterior inferior iliac spine)
• Bursitis (iliopectineal, trochanteric)
• Entrapment of the ilioinguinal or iliofemoral nerve
• Gracilis syndrome
• Muscle tear (adductors, iliopsoas, rectus abdominis, gracilis,
sartorius, rectus femoris)
• Myositis ossificans of the hip muscles
• Osteitis pubis
• Osteoarthritis of the femoral head
• Slipped capital femoral epiphysis
• Stress fracture of the femoral head or neck and pubis
• Synovitis
HERNIA RELATED
• Avulsion of the internal oblique muscle in the conjoined tendon
• Defect at the insertion of the rectus abdominis muscle
• Direct inguinal hernia
• Femoral ring hernia
• Indirect inguinal hernia
• Inguinal canal weakness
UROLOGIC
• Epididymitis
• Fracture of the testis
• Hydrocele
• Kidney stone
• Posterior urethritis
• Prostatitis
• Testicular cancer
• Torsion of the testis
• Urinary tract infection (UTI)
• Varicocele
GYNECOLOGIC
• Ectopic pregnancy
• Ovarian cyst
• Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
• Torsion of the ovary
• Vaginitis
LYMPHATIC ENLARGEMENT IN GROIN
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Guillain-Barré Syndrome
• Acute CNS disorders such as basilar artery thrombosis with brainstem infarction, brainstem encephalomyelitis, transverse myelitis, or spinal cord compression
• Hysterical paralysis or malingering
• Metabolic derangements such as hypermagnesemia, hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia
• Myopathies such as polymyositis, acute necrotizing myopathies caused by drugs
• Neuromuscular junction disorders: myasthenia gravis, botulism, snake envenomations
• Nontoxic peripheral neuropathies: acute intermittent porphyria, vasculitic polyneuropathy, infectious (poliomyelitis, diphtheria, Lyme disease), tick paralysis
• Toxic peripheral neuropathies: heavy metal poisoning (lead, thallium, arsenic), medications (vincristine, disulfiram), organophosphate poisoning, hexacarbon (glue sniffer’s neuropathy)
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Gynecomastia
• Adrenal disease
• Defects in androgen synthesis
• Drugs (estrogen and estrogen precursors, digitalis, testosterone and exogenous androgens, clomiphene, cimetidine, spironolactone, ketoconazole, amiodarone, angiotensin-converting
• Increased estrogen production (human chorionic gonadotropin [hCG]–producing tumor, testicular tumor, bronchogenic carcinoma)
• Increased prolactin level (prolactinoma)
• Klinefelter’s syndrome
• Liver disease
• Physiologic (puberty, newborns, aging)
• Primary gonadal failure (trauma, castration, viral orchitis, granulomatous disease)
• Secondary hypogonadism
• Testosterone deficiency
• Thyrotoxicosis
enzyme [ACE] inhibitors, isoniazid, phenytoin, methyldopa, metoclopramide, phenothiazine)
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.