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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Halitosis
• Alcohol use
• Disease of mouth or nose (infections, cancer, inflammation)
• Dry mouth (mouth breathing, inadequate fluid intake)
• Foods (onion, garlic, meats, nuts)
• GI disorders (esophageal diverticula, hiatal hernia, gastroesophageal reflux disease [GERD], achalasia)
• Medications (antihistamines, antidepressants)
• Pulmonary disorders (bronchiectasis, pneumonia, neoplasms, TB)
• Sinusitis
• Systemic disorders (diabetes, uremia)
• Tobacco use
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Hand Pain and Swelling
• Trauma
• Gout
• Pseudogout
• Cellulitis
• Lymphangitis
• Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) of upper extremity
• Thrombophlebitis
• Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
• Remitting seronegative symmetric synovitis with pitting edema
• Polymyalgia rheumatica
• Mixed connective tissue disease
• Scleroderma
• Rupture of the olecranon bursa
• Medsger’s syndrome (neoplasia)
• The puffy hand of drug addiction
• Reflex sympathetic dystrophy
• Eosinophilic fasciitis
• Sickle cell (hand-foot syndrome)
• Leprosy
• Factitial (the rubber band syndrome)
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Headache
• Cerebral aneurysm, arteriovenous malformations
• Cerebral hemorrhage/infarct
• Cerebral neoplasm
• Dental problems: abscess, periodontitis, poorly fitting dentures
• Drugs: alcohol, nitrates, histamine antagonists
• Effort induced: benign exertional headache, cough headache, coital cephalalgia
• Emotional, psychiatric
• Glaucoma and other eye diseases
• Infections: meningitis, encephalitis, brain abscess, sepsis, sinusitis, osteomyelitis, parotitis, mastoiditis
• Metabolic: uremia, carbon monoxide inhalation, hypoxia
• Musculoskeletal: neck and shoulder muscle contraction, strain of extraocular or intraocular muscles, cervical spondylosis, temporomandibular arthritis
• Normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH)
• Otitis and other ear diseases
• Paget’s disease of the skull
• Pheochromocytoma, hypoglycemia, hypothyroidism
• Post lumbar puncture
• Post trauma
• Pseudotumor cerebri
• Subdural hematoma
• Trigeminal neuralgia, glossopharyngeal neuralgia
• Vascular: migraine, cluster headaches, temporal arteritis, hypertension, cavernous sinus thrombosis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
• Cancer of esophagus
• Esophageal spasm (nutcracker esophagus)
• Esophagitis (from infections such as herpes, Candida), medication induced (doxycycline, potassium chloride)
• Peptic ulcer disease
• Unstable angina
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Female  Genital Discharge
• Cervical ectropion
• Fistula
• Foreign body: tampon, cervical cap, other
• Individual variation
• Infection
• Intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD)
• Menstrual cycle variation
• Neoplasm
• Nongenital causes: urinary incontinence, urinary tract fistula, Crohn’s disease, rectovaginal fistula
• Physiologic discharge: cervical mucus, vaginal transudation, bacteria, squamous epithelial cells
• Pregnancy
• Sexual response
• Spermicide
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Giant Cell Arteritis
• Infections
• Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION)
• Occult neoplasm, multiple myeloma
• Other vasculitic syndromes
• Primary amyloidosis
• Transient ischemic attack (TIA), stroke
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Giardiasis
• Noninfectious causes of malabsorption
• Other agents of infective diarrhea (e.g., amebae, Salmonella sp., Shigella sp., Staphylococcus aureus, Cryptosporidium)
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.