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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Gingivitis
• Acute herpetic gingivostomatitis
• Aphthous stomatitis
• Chronic periodontal disease
• Desquamative gingivitis
• Gingival hyperplasia, which may be caused by long-term use of phenytoin or nifedipine
• Gonococcal and streptococcal gingivostomatitis
• HIV infection–associated idiopathic ulcerations
• Ludwig’s angina
• Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (NUG)
• Oral candidiasis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma 
• Allergies
• Conjunctivitis
• Contact lens wearing with irritation
• Corneal disease, keratitis
• Field loss
• High pressure
• Open-angle glaucoma
• Optic nerve cupping
• Scleritis
• Shallow chamber
• Uveitis
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Acute  Glomerulonephritis 
• Acute interstitial nephritis
• Cirrhosis with edema and ascites
• Congestive heart failure (CHF)
• Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS)
• Severe hypertension
• Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), diabetes mellitus (DM), amyloidosis, preeclampsia, sclerodermal renal crisis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Glossodynia
DENTURE RELATED
• Dentures (ill-fitting, monomer from denture base)
• Dental plaque
• Oral parafunction
INFECTIVE/DERMATOLOGIC
• Candidiasis
• Lichen planus
DEFICIENCY STATES
• Iron, B12, folate, B2 (riboflavin), B6 (pyridoxine), zinc
ENDOCRINE
• Diabetes
• Myxedema*
• Hormonal changes occurring during menopause*
NEUROLOGICALLY MEDIATED
• Referred from tonsils, teeth
• Lingual nerve neuropathy
• Glossopharyngeal neuralgia
• Esophageal reflux*
IATROGENIC
• Mouthwash xerostomia
PSYCHOGENIC
IDIOPATHIC
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Glucocorticoid Deficiency
• Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)–independent causes
• TB
• Autoimmune (idiopathic)
• Other rare causes
• Fungal infection
• Adrenal hemorrhage
• Metastases
• Sarcoidosis
• Amyloidosis
• Adrenoleukodystrophy
• Adrenomyeloneuropathy
• HIV infection
• Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
• Medications (e.g., ketoconazole)

• ACTH-dependent causes
• Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal suppression
• Exogenous: glucocorticoid, ACTH
• Endogenous: cure of Cushing’s syndrome
• Hypothalamic: pituitary lesions
• Neoplasm: primary pituitary tumor, metastatic tumor
• Craniopharyngioma
• Infection: TB, actinomycosis, nocardiosis
• Sarcoid
• Head trauma
• Isolated ACTH deficiency
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Goiter
• Toxic multinodular goiter
• Thyroiditis
• Sarcoidosis, amyloidosis
• Resistance to thyroid hormone
• Medications (e.g., propylthiouracil [PTU], methimazole, sulfonamides, sulfonylureas, ethionamide, amiodarone, lithium)
• Iodine deficiency
• Graves’ disease
• Defective thyroid hormone synthesis
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.