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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Fibrocystic Breast Disease
• Mastodynia
• Mastitis
• If presenting with nipple discharge, differentiate from discharge of possible malignant origin
• If presenting as dominant mass or masses, exclude possible carcinoma
• Breast abscess
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Fibromyalgia
• Polymyalgia rheumatica
• Referred discogenic spine pain
• Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
• Localized tendinitis
• Connective tissue disease
• Osteoarthritis
• Thyroid disease
• Spondyloarthropathies
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Fifth Disease
• Rubella, measles (rubeola), and other childhood viral exanthems
• Mononucleosis
• Lyme disease
• Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) (Still’s disease)
• Drug eruption
• Acute HIV infection
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Facial Paralysis
INFECTION
• Bacterial: otitis media, mastoiditis, meningitis, Lyme disease
• Viral: herpes zoster, mononucleosis, varicella, rubella, mumps,
Bell’s palsy
• Mycobacterial: TB, meningitis, leprosy
• Miscellaneous: syphilis, malaria
TRAUMA
• Temporal bone fracture, facial laceration
• Surgery
NEOPLASM
• Malignant: squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell and adenocystic
tumors, leukemia, parotid neoplasms, metastatic tumors
• Benign: facial nerve neuroma, vestibular schwannoma, congenital
cholesteatoma
IMMUNOLOGIC
• Guillain-Barré syndrome, periarteritis nodosa
• Reaction to tetanus antiserum
METABOLIC
• Pregnancy
• Hypothyroidism
• Diabetes mellitus (DM)
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Factitious Disorder
• Somatoform disorders or hypochondriasis: these disorders are produced unconsciously and are not intentionally produced.
• Self-injurious behavior is common in many other psychiatric conditions; in those conditions, the patients confess the intentional self-harm and describe motivating factors. The main intent is the self-harm and not to attain the patient role, as occurs in factitious disorder.
• Munchausen by proxy: a mother (86% of time) or other caregiver induces illness in a child (52% between the ages of 3 and 13 years) for the purpose of obtaining medical attention or some other psychological need. Mothers often have a history of somatoform, factitious, or personality disorder themselves.
• Malingering: falsifying an illness for a clear secondary gain (e.g., financial gain or avoidance of unwanted duties)
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Failure to Thrive
MALABSORPTION
• Cow’s milk protein allergy
• Cystic fibrosis (CF)
• Celiac disease
• Biliary atresia
INSUFFICIENT CALORIE INTAKE
• Parental neglect
• Feeding difficulties (CNS lesion, severe reflux, oromotor
abnormalities)
• Use of diluted formula preparation
• Food shortage (poverty)
INCREASED NEEDS
• Hyperthyroidism
• Congenital heart defects
• Malignant disease
• Renal or hepatic disease
• HIV infection
IMPROPER UTILIZATION
• Storage disorders
• Amino acid disorders
• Trisomy 13, 21, 18
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of  Fatigue
pulmonary disease (COPD), liver disease
antihistamines, clonidine, methyldopa)
• Viral or bacterial infections
• Sleep apnea syndrome
• Renal failure, congestive heart failure (CHF), chronic obstructive
• Prolonged physical activity
• Pregnancy and postpartum period
• Medications (β-blockers, anxiolytics, antidepressants, sedating
• Inadequate sleep
• Hypothyroidism
• Dieting
• Depression
• Anxiety, emotional stress
• Anemia
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Fatty Liver
• Wilson’s disease
• Reye’s syndrome
• Obesity
• Nonalcoholic steatosis
• Medications (e.g., tetracycline, amiodarone, estrogen, methotrexate)
• Diabetes mellitus (DM)
• Alcohol abuse
• Acute fatty liver of pregnancy
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Fatty Liver of Pregnancy
• Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
• Reye’s syndrome
• Preeclampsia or eclampsia with liver involvement
• Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
• Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS)
• Hemolysis, elevated liver enzyme levels, and low platelet count
• Gallbladder disease
• Fulminant hepatitis
• Drug-induced hepatitis caused by halothane, phenytoin, methyldopa, isoniazid, hydrochlorothiazide, or tetracycline
• Budd-Chiari syndrome
• Acute viral hepatitis
• Acute gastroenteritis,(HELLP) syndrome
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.