- Published on
Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Eyelid Neoplasm
MALIGNANT
• Melanoma
• Basal cell carcinoma
• Squamous cell carcinoma
• Bowen’s disease
• Sebaceous cell carcinoma
• Metastatic lymphoma/leukemia
BENIGN
• Melanocytic nevus
• Pilar, eccrine, or apocrine tumor
• Neurofibroma
• Keratosis
• Squamous papilloma
• Keratoacanthoma
MALIGNANT
• Melanoma
• Basal cell carcinoma
• Squamous cell carcinoma
• Bowen’s disease
• Sebaceous cell carcinoma
• Metastatic lymphoma/leukemia
BENIGN
• Melanocytic nevus
• Pilar, eccrine, or apocrine tumor
• Neurofibroma
• Keratosis
• Squamous papilloma
• Keratoacanthoma
- Published on
Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Eyelid Retraction
• Spheroid wing meningioma
• Proptosis
• Postsurgical
• Partial palsy of superior rectus muscle
• Paget’s disease of bone
• Myasthenia gravis
• Meningitis
• Horizontal gaze palsy
• Herpes zoster ophthalmicus
• Hepatic cirrhosis
• Guillain-Barré syndrome
• Graves’ ophthalmopathy
• Eyelid neoplasm
• Eye trauma
• Essential hypertension
• Encephalitis
• Down syndrome
• Disseminated sclerosis
• Cyclic oculomotor paralysis
• Contact lens wear
• Congenital
• Closed head injury
• Cerebellar disease
• Botulinum toxin injection
• Atopic dermatitis
• Spheroid wing meningioma
• Proptosis
• Postsurgical
• Partial palsy of superior rectus muscle
• Paget’s disease of bone
• Myasthenia gravis
• Meningitis
• Horizontal gaze palsy
• Herpes zoster ophthalmicus
• Hepatic cirrhosis
• Guillain-Barré syndrome
• Graves’ ophthalmopathy
• Eyelid neoplasm
• Eye trauma
• Essential hypertension
• Encephalitis
• Down syndrome
• Disseminated sclerosis
• Cyclic oculomotor paralysis
• Contact lens wear
• Congenital
• Closed head injury
• Cerebellar disease
• Botulinum toxin injection
• Atopic dermatitis
- Published on
Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Eye Pain
• Blepharitis
• Cerebral aneurysm
• Cerebral neoplasm
• Conjunctivitis
• Dry eyes
• Entropion
• Foreign body
• Glaucoma
• Headache
• Herpes zoster
• Inflammation of lacrimal gland
• Ingrown lashes
• Iridocyclitis
• Iritis
• Irritation or inflammation from eye drops, dust, cosmetics, and the
• Orbital or periorbital cellulitis/abscess
• Retrobulbar neuritis
• Sinusitis
• Tic douloureux
• Trauma
• Ultraviolet (UV) light
• Uveitis
• Blepharitis
• Cerebral aneurysm
• Cerebral neoplasm
• Conjunctivitis
• Dry eyes
• Entropion
• Foreign body
• Glaucoma
• Headache
• Herpes zoster
• Inflammation of lacrimal gland
• Ingrown lashes
• Iridocyclitis
• Iritis
• Irritation or inflammation from eye drops, dust, cosmetics, and the
• Orbital or periorbital cellulitis/abscess
• Retrobulbar neuritis
• Sinusitis
• Tic douloureux
• Trauma
• Ultraviolet (UV) light
• Uveitis
- Published on
Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Facial Pain
• Anxiety, somatization syndrome
• Carotidynia
• Cluster headache, “lower-half” headache
• Geniculate neuralgia
• Glossopharyngeal neuralgia
• Infection, abscess
• Postherpetic neuralgia
• Tic douloureux
• Trauma, post-traumatic neuralgia
• Anxiety, somatization syndrome
• Carotidynia
• Cluster headache, “lower-half” headache
• Geniculate neuralgia
• Glossopharyngeal neuralgia
• Infection, abscess
• Postherpetic neuralgia
• Tic douloureux
• Trauma, post-traumatic neuralgia
- Published on
Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Epididymitis
• Varicocele
• Testicular torsion, trauma, or tumor
• Spermatocele
• Orchitis
• Hydrocele
• Epididymal cyst
• Varicocele
• Testicular torsion, trauma, or tumor
• Spermatocele
• Orchitis
• Hydrocele
• Epididymal cyst
- Published on
Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Epiglottitis
• Retropharyngeal abscess
• Peritonsillar abscess
• Lingual tonsillitis
• Foreign body aspiration
• Diphtheria
• Croup
• Angioedema
• Retropharyngeal abscess
• Peritonsillar abscess
• Lingual tonsillitis
• Foreign body aspiration
• Diphtheria
• Croup
• Angioedema
- Published on
Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Epilepsy
• Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
• Syncope
• Psychogenic spells
• Paroxysmal vertigo
• Narcolepsy
• Migraine
• Hypoglycemia
• Drug reaction
• Arrhythmias
• Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
• Syncope
• Psychogenic spells
• Paroxysmal vertigo
• Narcolepsy
• Migraine
• Hypoglycemia
• Drug reaction
• Arrhythmias
- Published on
Pathology - Schizophreniform Disorder
The duration of persistent symptoms distinguishes between illnesses exhibiting symptoms of schizophrenia. Less than a month's worth of symptoms, typically brought on by stress, are classified as brief psychotic illness. Schizophreniform disorder is defined as more than one but fewer than six months of disordered behavior, involving social or vocational declines or unpleasant symptoms, including one month of psychotic symptoms. When symptoms last longer than six months, they are indicative of schizophrenia. A schizoaffective disorder diagnosis is indicated by the presence of both manic episodes and significant depression, or by the combination of both. Differentiating between schizoid and schizotypal personality disorders, which are a subset of axis II, and axis I diseases is crucial.
The duration of persistent symptoms distinguishes between illnesses exhibiting symptoms of schizophrenia. Less than a month's worth of symptoms, typically brought on by stress, are classified as brief psychotic illness. Schizophreniform disorder is defined as more than one but fewer than six months of disordered behavior, involving social or vocational declines or unpleasant symptoms, including one month of psychotic symptoms. When symptoms last longer than six months, they are indicative of schizophrenia. A schizoaffective disorder diagnosis is indicated by the presence of both manic episodes and significant depression, or by the combination of both. Differentiating between schizoid and schizotypal personality disorders, which are a subset of axis II, and axis I diseases is crucial.
- Published on
Pathology - Panic Attack
Pathophysiology
Palpitations, sweating, shaking, feeling of suffocation or shortness of breath, feeling of choking, chest pain or discomfort, nausea or abdominal distress, derealization or depersonalization, fear of losing control, fear of dying, paresthesias, chills, or hot flashes are just a few of the symptoms that can accompany a panic attack. There must be a time of extreme fear or discomfort during the attack, and at least four symptoms must appear suddenly and peak in less than ten minutes. When a young, healthy patient experiences chest pain and has otherwise normal findings, this should be taken into consideration, especially if there has been a precipitating event. In this instance, the disagreement might have set off the patient's attack. Frequent, unplanned panic attacks or a continual fear of experiencing a panic attack or its aftereffects are the hallmarks of panic disorder. The fear of public places, known as agoraphobia, may or may not accompany this. A specific phobia is defined by panic attacks that occur when one is exposed to particular situations. The presence of cocaine-induced myocardial ischemia, which can be detected by a urine drug panel and ECG, must be ruled out.
Pathophysiology
Palpitations, sweating, shaking, feeling of suffocation or shortness of breath, feeling of choking, chest pain or discomfort, nausea or abdominal distress, derealization or depersonalization, fear of losing control, fear of dying, paresthesias, chills, or hot flashes are just a few of the symptoms that can accompany a panic attack. There must be a time of extreme fear or discomfort during the attack, and at least four symptoms must appear suddenly and peak in less than ten minutes. When a young, healthy patient experiences chest pain and has otherwise normal findings, this should be taken into consideration, especially if there has been a precipitating event. In this instance, the disagreement might have set off the patient's attack. Frequent, unplanned panic attacks or a continual fear of experiencing a panic attack or its aftereffects are the hallmarks of panic disorder. The fear of public places, known as agoraphobia, may or may not accompany this. A specific phobia is defined by panic attacks that occur when one is exposed to particular situations. The presence of cocaine-induced myocardial ischemia, which can be detected by a urine drug panel and ECG, must be ruled out.
- Published on
Pathology - Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Exposure to a terrible event that the person repeatedly relives is what defines post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This could manifest as persistent dreams, intrusive memories, flashbacks, or strong reactions to outside stimuli. Additionally, patients will be more aroused and will avoid stimuli related to the incident. The degree of PTSD disruption will result in impairment in social, professional, or other critical domains of functioning.
Furthermore, the condition must not be the result of a substance (such as an illicit drug or medicine), a physical condition, or a worsening of an axis I (psychiatric) or axis II (personality) illness that already exists. This is true for all other psychiatric diagnoses. Given that generalized anxiety disorder and PTSD might have similar symptoms, a thorough medical history is crucial. It's crucial to remember that a significant percentage of PTSD patients with a military past also struggle with concurrent substance abuse.
As a result, screening for drug and alcohol use is crucial, and BZDs are typically not advised in this population.
Exposure to a terrible event that the person repeatedly relives is what defines post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This could manifest as persistent dreams, intrusive memories, flashbacks, or strong reactions to outside stimuli. Additionally, patients will be more aroused and will avoid stimuli related to the incident. The degree of PTSD disruption will result in impairment in social, professional, or other critical domains of functioning.
Furthermore, the condition must not be the result of a substance (such as an illicit drug or medicine), a physical condition, or a worsening of an axis I (psychiatric) or axis II (personality) illness that already exists. This is true for all other psychiatric diagnoses. Given that generalized anxiety disorder and PTSD might have similar symptoms, a thorough medical history is crucial. It's crucial to remember that a significant percentage of PTSD patients with a military past also struggle with concurrent substance abuse.
As a result, screening for drug and alcohol use is crucial, and BZDs are typically not advised in this population.
